Essay Foreign Aid Programs are Good Politics - 1136 Words

Americans have historicly had many outlooks on foreign relations and the countrys proper place in them. On one extreme is the idea that the US government should use its power and influence as a globally acknowledged superpower to take a leading role in world affairs, to use its military strength to help promote peace and stability. The other side is that America is not the worlds policeman, that we must put our own interests as a nation first. The US Taxpayers Party, a recent addition to the list of nationally recognized political parties, leans clearly towards the second side. In their party platform, which can be found at http://www.USTaxpayers.org/ustp-96p.html, they call for US withdrawal†¦show more content†¦Another claim the US Taxpayers Party makes is that the US shouldnt send its armed forces as international peace-keepers, or to help settle disputes in foreign countries. Others who share this concept argue that the US military cant realisticly change these situ ations with military deployment, theyre just risking American lives. The Clinton Administration explains that there have positive impacts from the use of American military forces overseas. In Bosnia, a US plan for NATO airstrikes, combined with aggressive US diplomacy, has significantly improved the chances for a peace settlement. In Haiti, a fragile calm holds one year after US troops restored the democratically elected president and ended three years of military dictatorship. (Fosters). The United States does in fact have interests in almost all areas of todays world - beyond the economic ties we have with other countries, theres the danger that anarchy and war in seemingly isolated parts of the world can spread if its not contained. (Speaker) Many critics of Americas policies on foreign aid claim foreign countries have used America to build themselves up to a position of self-reliance, then refused to make promised or implied concessions to the US, when they no longer see the need to cater to American interests any longer. The aid is justified partly by a sense of charity and responsibility towards the world, but there were also politicalShow MoreRelatedForeign Aid From The United States918 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I chose Brazil as the subject country for examining its foreign aid received, I ran into a bit of a dilemma. Brazil has evolved from being a foreign aid recipient and less developed nation of the past, to become a major foreign aid provider in recent years. This fact places this emerging country in a unique and interesting position as both a donor and recipient as of 2010 records reveal and Brazil’s donor status is on the increase since this new â€Å"middle-of-the-road† development status for thisRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Australian Aid884 Words   |  4 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Aid to Australia – Geography Essay The purpose of Australian Aid is to help developing countries around the world eradicate poverty and to promote stability and prosperity both in our region and beyond, by providing different types of assistance and financial support. Although Australia receives a number of benefits due to aid, several disadvantages can also arise as a result of this link with different countries. Providing aid to developing countries in the Asia-PacificRead MoreShould The United States Increase Foreign Aid?819 Words   |  4 PagesStates increase foreign aid? This is a topic that has come up many times in the past years. When it comes to politics and the people themselves, this is a very important debate. This goes much deeper than just losing money or helping a fellow country in need. People are in need to better their country and themselves. We are all here together and aiding in one s growth can change lives all around. There are many reasons why the United States should increase foreign aid and why it is importantRead MoreChapter 2 Test Political Science Pearson Essay987 Words   |  4 Pages1) The strength of the economy is directly tied to the monetary value of all goods and services produced in a nation each year, which is called the ________. Gina coefficients for the economy Median household income Gross domestic product Poverty line Mass production factor 2) The degree of ________in the United States is unusually high compared to other developed countries. Religiosity Political idealism Racism Demographic homogeneity Civil liberty 3) Belief in which of the followingRead MoreThe United States Foreign Aid to Developing Countries: A Research Report1679 Words   |  7 Pagesworlds leader in foreign aid to developing countries. It gives foreign aid to such countries in order to promote political stability and economic prosperity, a natural interest for any global hegemon. This aid comes in the form of money, food, humanitarian work, and military assistance. The countries who receive the foreign aid certainly need assistance, but do not always use the aid wisely. Now that our country is undergoing serious fiscal deficits, the nations costly foreign aid commitments mustRead MoreDomestic Political State Of The Nation, Technological Advances, And Doctrinal Changes1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of the Cost of War Analyzed through the Domestic Political State of the Nation, Technological Advances, and Doctrinal Changes Politics can be defined as the practice of influencing people through the exercise of power. The main way to control a person or a group of people is to control their finances. This is why the economy of the United States is so important. Without control of its finances, the nation is unable to exercise control internally or over other nations. There have beenRead MoreThe European Recovery Program Of The United States Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II, the United States of America lit the beacon of humanitarian aid. At its own discretion, after the Soviet Union’s refusal of America’s extent of influence and relief in the European continent, the U.S. was free to do as it pleased regarding attempts of foreign assistance. Secretary of State in the U.S. at the time, George Marshall, proposed the Marshall Plan†, originally called â€Å"the European Recovery Program†, in June of 1947, during his speech at Harvard University. Marshall’s argumentR ead MoreThe War Of The Civil Rights Movement1476 Words   |  6 Pagestime of peace and love, equality for all, the ongoing war in Vietnam, and Nixon. Each decade after one another affected the next with foreign policy, domestic policy, politics, political leadership, the economy, and the social terms of each decade. In 1945-1953, Harry Truman was in office and his foreign policy philosophy was containment. Some main events of foreign policy while he was in office was the Potsdam Conference, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. The Potsdam conference was located in GermanyRead MorePolitical Science And Its Influence On The Country s Current Situation Essay985 Words   |  4 Pagesteaches us about how political power is dispersed, how different governments operate and interact, how rules are made and enforced. We will come to know both the who of politics, such as international organizations, politicians, and the public, and the how†, such as political institutions, elections, and public administration. Politics have its essence in every aspect of our lives, including the availability of education, jobs, housing and healthcare. Whatever government does and whoever supports theRead MoreThe Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Dr. Toi Dennis Elaine Stewart SOC 300: Sociology of Developing Countries May 4, 2014 Introduction Afghanistan is a developing country; the country faced many difficulties soon after its independence. They faced difficulties in the development of their constitution and regulations. The selection of a leader was an issue and the first major task was to prepare a military for the

Essay on History of the Juvenile Justice System - 1477 Words

RUNNING HEAD: HISTORY OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Juvenile Delinquency: The History of the Juvenile Justice System Shandi Lillard Kaplan University CJ 150 – 02 Professor Raymond Keefauvor June 14, 2011 The History of the Juvenile Justice System The Juvenile Justice System is seen by many as being ineffective in treating the youth of this country, the programs are outdated and there seems to be little, if any hope that these youth will stay on the right path once released back into society. This paper will discuss the history of the Juvenile Justice System as well as how it has evolved since its inception. We will also discuss the â€Å"waiver process† that is used when transferring juveniles into the adult system, and what,†¦show more content†¦However, it wasn’t until 1899 that juveniles were awarded their own court in which to handle juvenile crimes; the first juvenile court was opened in Chicago and within 25 most states had followed suit and created their own juvenile courts (Americanbar.org). The courts worked on the doctrine of Parens Patriae, which means â€Å"Parent of the Country†, they treated each case on an individual basis, with the main goal being rehabilitation, most cases were treated as non-criminal, but courts at times did remove the youth from their homes and had them placed in reform schools as a part of that rehabilitation. The best interest of that child was always what was most important. The goals of the Juvenile Court were described best by one of the first presiding judges of the juvenile court, Judge Julian Mack, in which he stated: The child who must be brought into court should, of course, be made to know that he is face to face with the power of the state, but he should at the same time, and more emphatically, be made to feel that he is the object of its care and solicitude. The ordinary trappings of the courtroom are out of place in such hearings. The judge on a bench, looking down upon the boy standing at the bar, can neverShow MoreRelatedEssay on The History and Evolution of the Juvenile Justice System1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of the juvenile justice system is a mixture of the criminal justice system, family court, child protective services, social services, orphanages, adoption and humanitarian growth. (Schmalleger, 2007) Where a child fit into the system would depend on the crime, family pedigree, financial standing, color and social status. Children of color would be treated harsher than whites, Indian children were treated worse than African American Children, and status was determined by the color ofRead MoreEssay about History of the Juvenile Justice System2644 Words   |  11 Pagesdiscuss the history of the juvenile justice system and how it has come to be what it is today. When a juvenile offender commits a crime and is sentenced to jail or reform school, the offender goes to a separate jail or reforming place than an adult. It hasn’t always been this way. Until the early 1800’s juveniles were tried just like everyone else. Today, that is not the case. This paper will explain the reforms that have taken place within the criminal justice system that developed the juvenile ju sticeRead MoreFuture of the Juvenile Justice System1280 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of the Juvenile Justice System The future of the juvenile justice system is uncertain. There is a struggle to try a find a way to serve the needs of the juvenile delinquents and issue them a punishment for violating the law. In order to improve the direction of the juvenile justice system, recommendations are needed regarding community involvement, law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the private sector. These recommendations address issues that the system is currently facing and offersRead MoreBad Kids Race And The Transformation Of Juvenile Court1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn Bad Kids Race and the Transformation of Juvenile Court, Barry Feld provides a history as well as possible solutions to the problems that currently have a grapple hold on our juvenile justice system. Barry Feld is one of the nations most respected scholars of juvenile justice and currently teaches the subject, amongst other things, at the University of Minnesota. Feld himself graduated from law school at the University of Minnesota and l ater received his Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard. This book’sRead MoreJuvenile Justice System And Adult Justice Systems1589 Words   |  7 Pagesbe discussing both the juvenile and the adult justice systems. There are several differences between the two systems, which may surprise you. I will be discussing many aspects within the justice systems. These include Terminology, Due Process rights, the process of Arrest to Corrections, Juvenile crime compared to Adult crime, age limits and waivers for the adult system and the different community correctional options, which are available to the offenders. The two systems share many of the same termsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is A Problem1508 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency When looking into the history of United States and elsewhere juvenile delinquency is a problem and has been one for over a century. Like other systems in place, the system involving juvenile delinquents has gone through many stages. In the case of the juvenile delinquency, it has gone through four stages, with us presently in the fourth. The causes behind juvenile delinquency are still unknown even today. Some blame it on the current culture, the over-exposure to violenceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cycle Of Juvenile Justice1342 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: CYCLE JUVENILE JUSTICE​ ​1 Analysis of the Cycle of Juvenile Justice Theory Name School ​​ Professor Class Date Analysis of the Cycle of Juvenile Justice Theory ​In the text, Thomas Bernard examines the cyclical nature of the juvenile justice system (Weisheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 13-31). The author posits that the implementation of juvenile justice is constantly swinging from one extreme to the other based, largely, on the public’s perceptionRead MoreThe Get-Tough Effectiveness Of Juvenile Recidivism. The1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Get-Tough Effectiveness of Juvenile Recidivism The reason for this research paper is to examine the history and the purpose the juvenile system. We will also examine the history and effectiveness of the Get- tough Law on juvenile recidivism, followed with the overall conclusion of the research. The Juvenile justice system has undergone many changes since its establishment in the 1890s. These changes were implemented by the desire to have a justice system which is sensitive and responsive toRead MoreThe Role Of Parens Patriae Within The Criminal Justice System873 Words   |  4 Pagesthe concept of parens patriae within the Criminal Justice System corresponds with the shaping of juvenile justice. Throughout history, the Criminal Justice System seldom focused on the understanding of the relationship between children and criminal responsibility and the special needs of juveniles. Despite of age, juveniles were often overlooked and were typically processed and subject to the similar punishments as adults. Consequently, juveniles placed in the same facilities as adults who committedRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the yo uth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For more

Utilitarianism Theory And Contemporary Issues - 1350 Words

In today s society, we face many obstacles in our attempt to achieve the feeling of happiness. As intelligent beings, we try to solve these problems by taking the path that best benefits us. The theory of utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? What are the benefits and disadvantages of utilitarianism? Is utilitarianism an idea one should live by? What is utilitarianism? I plan on answering these questions within this paper and understand how they relate to everyday life. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. Then analyze the appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism should be followed as an absolute rule. Utilitarianism can be generally defined as a way of thinking where one chooses an action based on the amount of happiness that it would produce. In the book Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues, by Barbara MacKinnon and Andrew Fiala, the authors state â€Å"Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism,† a nd that â€Å"John Stuart Mill explained it as ‘actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.’† (MacKinnon 95). This means that utilitarianism focuses on result of an action based on happiness and that decisions can be taken made by looking at possible outcomes of that decision. What Mill stated would be defined as â€Å" the principle of utility or the greatest happiness principle.†( MacKinnon, 95). This principle is one in which could beShow MoreRelatedExplanation of the Utilitarian Ethical Theory Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesExplanation of the Utilitarian Ethical Theory There are many different ethical approaches that deal with the morality issues we face every day, but the utilitarian approach holds the feeling of morally belonging to a group and the lack of individualism that many others carry. It also can be a very cold approach for those who belong to the minority in a society. This is because the principle of utility says that â€Å"we ought to do that which produces the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure forRead MoreThe Issues of Ethics970 Words   |  4 PagesIssues of Ethics The two major ethical theories that have the most relevance and prudence to my contemporary views are utilitarianism and those aligned with the concept of a categorical imperative. The philosophy of the former of these was widely pioneered by both Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. The notion of a categorical imperative was largely popularized by Immanuel Kant. In all actuality, the efficaciousness of these philosophies is widely determined by the particular moral dilemma whichRead MoreThe Argument On The Theory Of Utilitarianism891 Words   |  4 PagesMill has the view that there is a general misconception regarding the use of the term â€Å"Utilitarianism.† Most people refer to it when comparing between wrong and right in a restricted manner that is divergent to pleasure. The opponents of utilitarianism often attach everything with the element of pleasure; thus, contributing to denouncing the theory. However, the proponents of the theory of utilitarianism such as Epicuru s and Bentham asserted that it was pleasure in itself and the exclusion of painRead MoreEuthanasia: Kantianism vs Utilitarianism1599 Words   |  7 PagesThe deliberate act of ending another s life, given his or her consent, is formally referred to as euthanasia. At present, euthanasia is one of the most controversial social-ethical issues that we face, in that it deals with a sensitive subject matter where there is much uncertainty as to what position one ought to take. Deliberately killing another person is presumed by most rational people as a fundamental evil act. However, when that person gives his or her consent to do so, this seems to giveRead MoreThe Theory Of Action Theory1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe voluntaristic theory of action, commonly referred to as action theory by sociologists, was developed in the mid- twentieth century by Talcott Parsons. Parsons sought to create a unified doctrine of sociological study that earned sociology a place among the other sciences. Up to that point sociological studies were limited to two major schools of thought, namely utilitarianism and German idealism, both of which described parameters explored in voluntaristic action theory but lacked an encompassingRead MoreUtilitarian Ethics1587 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarian Ethics Introduction Utilitarianism is an ideological theory introduced by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1780s to assist in solving the recurrent and adverse ethical cases, which confronted institutions, organizations/companies, as well as the society. The utilitarianism is an idea that the overall utility contribution of an action, solely determines the moral worth of that action, that is, the general perception by the public on the contribution of such action to peoples pleasure or happinessRead MoreCase Study About Moral of Hacking681 Words   |  3 PagesContemporary Practices in Information Technology 7WCM0005/7WCM0006 (SDL) Case Study - Coursework 1 The morality of hacking - Gary McKinnon – Did he break the British Computer Society Code of Conduct? Gary McKinnon was a Scottish Systems Administrator who in 2002 was accused of carrying out the â€Å"biggest military computer hack of all time†. McKinnon claimed that he was merely looking for evidence of a cover-up of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) activities. The US authorities claimed thatRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Death Of A Fetus1505 Words   |  7 Pagesdecision that should be given to the mother only. The issue of abortion remains to be one of the most controversial topics in society, which causes an inevitable clash of opinion. Through the exploration of philosophical principles, we are able to evaluate the origins of such opinions. In the same way, utilitarianism equates wrongness or blameworthiness of an action with its resultant pain or unhappiness. The central principle of utilitarianism expresses the belief that actions are right in proportionRead MoreEthical Egoism, Ethical Altruism, And Eudaimonia1660 Words   |  7 Pagesethical egoism differentiates from the ethical altruism in that while the latter is concerned with the welfare of others; the concern of the former is for the promotion of the interests of oneself. Moseley (n.p.) notes that ethical egoism is a normative theory that shares in the notion that â€Å"the pro motion of one’s good is in accordance with morality† (Moseley n.p.). This particular source notes that there is a robust and weak angle of the promotion of one’s good. The strong angle has it that; â€Å"it is alwaysRead MoreOn Utilitarianism and Kantian Ethics 1681 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction There is little doubt that Utilitarianism and Kantian Ethics are by far the two most important ethical theories throughout contemporary philosophy. Though both attempt to answer questions about morality and behavior, the two theories have many fundamental differences: one evaluates actions in terms of the utility they produce whereas the other considers whether actions fulfill duty; one emphasizes consequence where the other highlights intentions; one sees desire as essential while

Personal Development Plan and Skills Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Personal Development Plan and Skills. Answer: Personal Development Plan: Personal Analysis: Throughout my career, it has always been important for me to analyze my own strengths and weaknesses(Sadri, 2012). My own strengths consist of my communication skills and the ability to mix with other people. Moreover, I have the skill to understand the body languages of others. These skills would work very effectively if I plan to become the manager or the leader of a particular organization. However, I become quite angry when something does not work out the way I wanted it to work out, or if anything changes that are not in accordance with my plan. I hope that some changes are required for developing my weaknesses into strengths. Another important aspect, which can be considered as a weakness of my personality is that I procrastinate a lot about important things. This can be very alarming for some people who are in the position of leadership. Moreover, it is a very bad sign for my whole career as well. I should fix a time for everything, and it includes the improvement of those sections that dominates my overall personality. Another important part of my personality improvement seems to be getting the capacity to perform multitasking(Nahavandi, 2016). According to my experience, the next generation would mainly survive by the multitasking of workers. Setting Goals: Goals must be set within the minds of an individual for understanding those skills, which would be important for me to becoming a leader. The leadership is a lot depends upon the creation of certain measurable objectives, which would help me develop my leadership ability to the next level(Ward, 2016). As I work by following themanagement rules and regulations, I can be considered as a transactional leader because I would get the employees work by providing them facilities and extrinsic motivation like incentives. However, I want to change myself into a transformational leader. The goals can be defined as the use of leadership strategies within the professional places. I am mainly planning to use the Vroom-Yetton model of leadership in regards to any decision related to the workplace to any particular industry. This particular model satisfies by purpose mainly because it divides the leadership strategies according to the departments within a company, which can make me successful as a leader. I would keep the group based leadership for the sales and marketing people, and the consultative leadership for the operations department. However, the personal behavioral problems would mainly be overcome by me step by step with the help of a psychometric assessment called the MBTI, which would help me understand my internal flaws. Personal Objectives: The SMART objectives for my developmental attitude is given below:- To change my rude behavior towards others and the habit of procrastination To change it in the exact amount that suits a leader, and become exceptionally polite in dealing with others To achieve the objective by reading good information from online e-books, journals and websites about the same subject To achieve the change of personality by using the psychometric assessment To complete the entire development within a period of 6 months The best way to change my rudeness within the personality as well as increase my polite behavior with others as an extra advantage within my communication skills can be developed by collecting much information concerned with the subject from various sources(Ebbers Conover, 2010). Contents of a Personal Plan: Leadership Theories Leadership theories mainly suggest that leadership can either be autocratic or democratic. Autocratic leadership is sometimes justified only if it is in the hands of transformational leaders(McCALL, 2010). However, the Democratic leadership is justified in most of the business organization. Nevertheless, for decision making within a hospitality industry, the Vroom-Yetton model of leadership is often used. Leaders role model in change management: The leaders are always expected to have certain qualities for making theconcept of change management plausible. The leaders should have good communication skills coupled with the ability to win others in their way of thinking. Along with this, the leaders should have good behavior, ability to understand subtle cues, and they should also be able to motivate the employees by their positive views and statements. Self-assessment using the appropriate benchmarking tool: Identify and apply tool: The MBTI assessment can be considered as the best tool for analyzing my personality that would be suitable for the leadership skills. After solving the personality traits by the MBTI test, the results that I have got is the debater (ENTP T), which is not completely like a leader. The result is given below:- According to the results, it can be interpreted that this is not a good leader who will always take recourse to debates, but I need to motivate people more in doing the work that I want to do. My turbulent identity is also required to be resolved before some proper step is taken about the same. Reflection on test findings with cultural context: If the same results of mine are analyzed from a cultural perspective, then it can be said that the extroverted nature depicts my being brought up in a liberal atmosphere. My family was quite liberal, and I was surrounded by a lot of friends by my side. My energy parameter is more towards the intuition, and this indicates my creativity, which came from my exquisite knowledge by studying different books and procuring knowledge. My thinking nature and the prospective tactics in marketing mainly determines my rationality in the sales and marketing level. Plan: The personal planning of mine would mainly consist of opportunities that indicate my nature to be extroverted in all the atmosphere. The rationale of my plan is becoming a good leader, but some weaknesses are actually stopping me from becoming the same. It indicates my tensed nature, my procrastination as well as my prospective strategy in marketing(Ebbers Conover, 2010). As a leader, I must think I can conquer everything rather than thinking that finding conquerable clients is more helpful. My strategy of marketing also needs improvement in order to motivate an entire team. The measures that I am mainly taking for my overall development is the improvement of these sections of my personality. I have some nervousness related to apprehensions about the future, and something that cannot be controlled. Such apprehensions mainly come from my place of birth where people mainly look for security(Nahavandi, 2016). However, as a leader, I should focus more on the liberal views and take the challenge as a challenge and not fret about the same. Resourcing would not be a problem these days due to the ease of access to all sorts of information by the internet. Individual Leadership Development Plan: Development Activities/Opportunities Rationale/Relevance Obstacles/Challenges Strategic Processes Involved Timeframe Basis and Measures Resources I would like to get an opportunity for working as a deputy manager at a particular firm under the close supervision of another leader. Moreover, I would like to receive a corporate training on the personality development for the improvement based on my defects in the personality. I would also like to get some free time to study mainly about the aspects that are becoming a weakness of mine to become a proper leader in the management. The realistic basis for the selection of these opportunities are twofold, firstly, working as a deputy manager in a firm is not a big deal comparing the amount of jobs that are in the offing these days, and secondly, getting a study time alone is not a big deal in regards to the ample amount of time I spend in leisure and procrastination. There are some specific challenges that I face in regards to the procrastination of things, and it is also related to the tension I face during the stressful period as well as the unknown events. I would take some training from a corporation in regard to the creation of a perfect attitude in regard to my personality. I would also study some books related to stress control. I would take at least 1 year to solve the entire amount of problem. I would measure my development with the help of MBTI assessment once again. I would need the internet tools for the study and the access to an online library. I would also have the corporate training within my work. References Ebbers, L. Conover, K., 2010. Leading from the middle: Preparing leaders for new roles. New Directions for Community Colleges, 125(51), pp. 59-64. McCALL, M., 2010. Recasting leadership development. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(1), pp. 3-19. Nahavandi, A., 2016. The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. 4 ed. London: Pearson. Sadri, G., 2012. Emotional intelligence and leadership development. Public Personnel Management, 41(3), pp. 535-548. Ward, J., 2016. Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. 7 ed. London: Springer.