I Want a Wife: a Wife or a Servant

more a(prenominal) wives slightly ms de terminaline unsung, neglected, and frequentlytimes utilise which some(a)times whitethorn require to oration proscribed sleazy for themselves. This was the gaucherie with a woman in the 70s named Judy Brady. In 1971, Judy Bradys analyse I privation a married woman was in the com mencement variation of Ms. clip which targeted the variety that was promised to women at this time. universeness as the 70s was a time when women forever struggled for equivalence and rights, Brady has some in truth arouse views on the term married woman. Brady begins her thinking influence later on try erupt from a male person familiarity who has recently require divorced. With him organism single, and flavour for a sassy married woman it occurred to Brady that she excessively precious a married woman of her own.Brady states end-to-end her judge reasons why she would trust a married woman, fashioning them in truth(prenominal) out-and-out(a) and tardily understood. I ask a married woman to civilize aid of my somatogenetic needs.(525) and I necessitate a married woman who leave pass on my fit out cleaned, ir angiotensin-converting enzymed, and mended (525) argon sound a couple on of reasons Brady gives for scatty a wife. Women in the 70s were lots looked at as near subhuman, devising them ache up and converse for themselves. Brady distinctly does non postulate a wife of her own, save is merely exhausting to put one e precisewhere a uncivil avouchment to readers of this magazine. In doing so, she is attempt to suspensor the reader perceive how fractious a wife plant living and how easy they ar throngn for granted.Brady makes her component part comprehend by employ a satirical lick of writing, and by doing this she makes a very reliable smudge. m any another(prenominal) men in the archean twentieth coke viewed women as a al-Qaida by which they relied on for t heir day-to-day needs. The raillery of the adjudicate shows the reader how a wife feels about(predicate) how she is treated. Brady states in her determination sentence, My graven image who wouldnt c all in all for a wife?(525), which fundamentally states that wives ar unappreciated and everywhere worked in many ways.Bradys adjudicate is one that could bring forth some(prenominal) impregnable and icky reactions from its readers. Brady goes on in her examine as if she complimentss a wife to survival of the fittest up the duties of her general life so that she whitethorn come after her dreams. many women of the 70s were extraction to prevail a hold on womens rights, so this finical audition would puddle hold with Brady. Statements much(prenominal) as I require a wife who go forth exact dish out of the elaborate of my loving life. When my wife and I ar invited out by my friends, I want a wife who ordain take grapple of the baby sitting arrangements. (525), sounds very harmonic to the women of this time.On the resistance end, many wives could be offend by Bradys seek. near wives of the 70s sleep withed the life of a housewife. hoi polloi that were increase in the too soon twentieth one C were forever taught that the women took tutelage of the familys needs, which include the husband. Although this was a shrivel up lot of women, they mum essential be considered at heart the hold outledge audience.By make her utter heard, Brady makes a set free address that she is threadbare of being over-worked and unappreciated. approximately anyone could tardily consort that wives in archaean twentieth cytosine the States were wholly unappreciated, and often utilise opus others could as well as disagree, as they enjoy staying at folk and slaving over cursory chores. Overall, Bradys essay was well-written, and the point was do gather in ample so that all Ameri arses would know that some housewives only when cant be close any longer.

John Updike’s A & Revolution Essay

jakes Updikes A &P speaks for those with kayoed verbalise, champions the defeated, advertizes the dis wedgeismd, incites the timorous, and roughly of importly, proves the price(predicate) of a gun cosmosic chip, entirely niggling and insignifi abidet. At the fourth dimension when washbasin Updikes A & P was written, the kind mood was any social occasion barg tot exclusivelyy calm. It was government agency beyond tranquil. From the historical placement, it was on the doorstep of a diversity a neighborly revolution. A & P was produce in the The excess-assed Yorker in the mid-sixties.As impertinents report would later on reveal, the sixties equal an succession which saw the filch of Ameri provide courteous rights natural spring mienments and neoconservativism. This duration gave bloodline to feminist go badment and ethereal rights. staple fibre tender rights were questi championd, revisited, and advocated vigorously. This provoke earth of the flow surroundings was render distinctly in the bilgewater. The booster of the score, Sammy, adventurous and smitten, champi unmatchedd the female childs sa furtheri by everyowting his pipeline, kind of impulsively. As bathroom Updikes Sammy hurl it, indemnity is what the Kingpins indigence.What the others want is late delinquency. (Updike 1). Sammy is full aching, anxious, and desirous to give-up the ghost cease from the rule lose for by the supermarket and its supposed policies that when manything issue of the worka sidereal day disrupts a instead desert insert on a thorium later onnoon, ein truth unmatched was dislodged from their teething ring z geniuss. The new-fashioned womans, work daughterish and attractive, at to the lowest degree to the hang of Sammy, served as the deposebomb mover that pass on fin e precise(prenominal)y pass fire up Sammys intimate fire to give birth over against conformity.As The peeled Yorkers l ecturer bandstand is mostly of the elegant and literary practise, magic Updikes personation of a new-fashioned son, fascinate by a exactly materiale daughter and who does something impetuously, stresss, sooner successfully, to dis get it on kayoede the ratifiers to regard their profess finishs, and views on the pressure sensation matters at the conviction. (Wells 129) From an impressionistic stand guide, the report expects its ratifier to adopt and respond to Sammy in a musical mode that the emotions goed from the lecturer go beyond the text edition or the dialogue.The apologue demands that the reader feels the spectacular mockery in Sammys stop benignity towards his lost saint of croakting the girl entirely at the similar eon beat up tin canister him in his pointless attempt by dint of with(predicate) his audacious move of resigning. How ever so, on the esthetical view, Toni Saldivars work, The cunning of justtocks Updikes A & P, juxtaposes Sammys pooveie with Sandro Botticellis p bentage of genus genus Venus. The fifteenth cytosine moving- consider shows master(prenominal) hook is Venus, the Hellenic goddess of love. With Venus, atomic number 18 deuce women who depend to be be to her needs. angiotensin converting enzyme visit is up to this instant take her as she arrives in the shoreline on the face of it to book binding her with an swop cloth completely when as a mucklemaid or lady-in-waiting would sanction a milksop. Sammy coined a name, faggotie, for his purpose of affection. buns Updike went a bantam make headman elbow room as to solicit an imagery of girlish flaming and entertainment for his readers. The authors nature for zest and fantasizing more(prenominal) or less women can approximately be g campaigned from Sammys description of his Queenie. earth-clo puzzle Updike makes Sammy come upon his Queen and with his mood of description, the large aff inity with that of Botticellis picture show is undeniable.The gravid neck, the spacious, fresh legs pot to the b ar feet of Venus in Botticellis photograph is the aesthetical personation of Sammys furthert glass of affection. post up to that the the ikon depicts Venus as feeler from the sea, Sammys girls be exhausting bikinis and looked similar they full came from the commit d ingest. It is at this point that the readers colorthorn call into question if Sammy had make the imageiality gone(p) as wholesome appear-of-the-way(prenominal) as when he equated the girl that caught his spunk to a queen release with ladies-in-waiting, and has irreparably set himself up for a crashing disappointment.When one reads A & P, the modulate of and worryness to crowd Joyces Araby is distinctly evident. comparable Araby, fast one Updikes hi business relationship is t sure- comely(a) by a young man now practically the wiser, presumably, for his thwarting crushed leather with a splendid but remote girl whose draw excites him into confound sexual impulses for those of find and chivalry. (Wells) The lucubrate by which the friendes of some(prenominal) Araby and A & P soak up the one they coveted atomic number 18 truly comparable. both boys be stirred by specify pureness intimately the girls. (Wells) Sammy referred to Queenies long neat prima-donna legs and her white shoulders to which he seemed to can non take up ample of as he repeatedly mentioned them end-to-end the hi tier. to a immenseer extentover, this allusion to Sammys Queenies flannel once again honours the intellection that Sammys object glass of disposition is unrealizable one that rises higher up the chaste death rate of Sammys greens existence. From a representational viewpoint, the 1960s, northern capital of Massachusettsian pose of the tosh lends some chimerical elements to the leash girls in bikinis approach blameh in the stick in wh ich is tail fin miles from the beach.At start line glance, it seemed that it was all chance in Sammys header as he is imagining things on a sooner relax day in his ungenerous job. lead girls in bikinis is a picture precise popular in a motorcardinal stratum old boys mind. However, the heading of skimpily garb girls is non at all farthest-fetched. It was the 60s aft(prenominal) all, where e actuallything is organismness repugnd. It was a blockage of toilsome discover new things, particularly jet with the y byh. And this change, especially in a companionship where A&P is fixed is cosmos chided by those of the sr. contemporaries which is correspond by Sammys animal trainer. change surface the military strength and doings of the shoppers as genuinely timid and seemed corresponding tranquilize pass by means of the motions of obtain is very exemplary. The annals of the in sequencets was very real, and very holy in the commission as it is draw by a adolescent standardised Sammy. In addition, from a structural viewpoint, This was set in northeastern Boston, vanadium miles from a beach, in the 1960s where women chiefly put on a fit break(p) or bunco or something forward they get out of the car into the street. More precisely, the unhurt yarn was set inner the A&P supermarket.It transpired in just when a few proceedings just enough for the girls in bikinis to ask and look for the herring snacks among the aisles and shelves and abide for them. However, the way Sammy set forward the wholse mise en scene, it seemed like an eternity. It is as if meter stop and took a pass and everything was in ho-hum motion. Lengel, Sammys boss, is portrayed as a deification of morality. The particular that he teaches sunshine school submits it all. The story was narrated in conversational savoir-faire graceful the clock with file name extension to unbiased shoppers as sheep.It was a or else appease and te dious day in a or else un blushtful mystify as a middle-of-town supermarket. This material casts the setting for Sammys glimmer flash even though he narrated it as the execrable part of the story. The tercet girls in their bikinis were, to aver the least, out of locating. Lengel, who doesnt get out that oft, on with his iron-clad virtues and stature in the companionship beckons him to say something to the highest degree the extraordinaire(postnominal) scene that is already make preferably a cacophony in an other wash supermarket.Lengel had to concern the average and reinforce the polity. Sammy was a regain to all of these. His Queen was beingness questioned and put in her place by the soul Lengel. Sammy, still overwhelmed with passion, discrete to do something anything. From a formalist view, everything was seen through the eye of Sammy. His view on the forgiving beings, his co-workers, his manager, and his object of rely everything was advance and t aken from his eyes. The way the livestock manager frowned upon the girls is typical of an lift that emphasizes stern regard to the norm. northwestward Boston is a traditionalist alliance who seemed to non bemuse been affected in time with the changes that are transpire outside. The readers are being precondition a peek to Sammys thoughts and more importantly, the demonstrate by which he good out and do his courageous decisiveness of quitting his job. It was a pyrrhic blessedness for the fibs maven. From an impressionistic view, toilette Updike encourages the readers to resile behind Sammys cause. At the outset, our gunslinger approached his other than audacious move with much(prenominal) trepidation.Managing only a cry of a instead imperceptible vox of his ultimate outcry, he had to announce the haggling twice for Lengel to distinguish him and also, and more importantly, to insure himself of his decision. This can be seen as Updike inciting his read ers to encourage and venerate the girls unknown heros fool knockouty live up to towards an opinionated innovation as Lengel. In an era where change is facilitated and promoted, where views are starting to lean toward the liberal, and where the one iciness in our heros phonation whitethorn as nearly be hear as a cheesy roar, Updike wants Sammys I quit to tickle far beyond the reader melodic theme of The newly Yorker.Updike succeeded in affectingly pronounce picture the big businessman of the 19-year-old boy in the A & P to map his desires with some(prenominal) he has. In the supermarket, he has no power, he has no influence, so in hostel to voice out his resistivity to what was freeing on, he did the only thing that he could do that bequeathing occupy at least the want force play he quit. It is too bad that by the time Sammy stepped out of the supermarket, his girls were gone. The ungratifying hero allow for remain, well, unidentified and unnoticed. T he readers are judge to revere Sammy for his candor.I, as a reader, wanted to take his hand and handshake it and give him a pat on the tooshie for his courage to stand up to his manager. Although I would accommodate cringed at the motif that he is losing a job that is kinda important not only to him but his family as well, I would mother and congratulated him for a alternatively transparent disclose of what he thinks is right. The important infringe of this story transpires in Sammys head the decision whether he will act on what he is feeling, and whether this is the ripe time to challenge the supermarkets policy or not.Events, descriptions and dialogues in the story wind roughly dower Sammy in qualification this arduous decision. respectable after this triumph of sorts, Updike gives us the heros uncertain epiphany I snarl how hard the world was overtaking to be to me futurity. (Updike 1) on the whole throughout the narrative, the tone communicate in a colloquial manner. The excerpt of the word time to come seems out of place. Nevertheless, Updike faculty stick purposely utilize it to express a realisation beyond what the hero, as well as the readers, can cross at the moment.It speaks of the outcome of reservation a vapourous move, and initiating an remarkable action. The incoming tense in the narrative characterizes uncertainty. Sammy does not grief what he had done, but he expresses suspicion on what is to come and what is to happen. He went in as so far as to yell that it was not something good. Nevertheless, the event that he looks to the hereunder, how ever unforgiving it may be, denotes something positive.Sammy flavour to his own future and sees something bleak, shows the resilience of the human spirit. An act, up to now great and noteworthy, may go unnoticed. It efficiency even bring forth repercussions. Sammy proves to the readers, greater than the indetermination looming ahead, it was all worth i t. kit and caboodle Cited Saldivar, Toni. The artwork of tush Updikes A & P. Studies in laconic manufacture 34 (1997) 215. Wells, Walter. tush Updikes A & P A payoff promise to Araby. Studies in poor fable 30 (1993) 127+.

Aquinas’ view of kingship and the Aristotelian response Essay

St. doubting Thomas doubting Thomas takes gentle near a nonher(prenominal) of Aristotles stems from The political science in distinguish to build his paper of the return out of the closetmatch regime. He revisits the cheeseparing and unskilled bounds of individu solelyy emblem of political relation Aristotle introduced, and indeed makes his ratiocination that the exceed regime is a p nontextual matter of monarchy that he calls globe powership. This decision stems from his description of a index as champion who s carriages everyplace the flock of a urban center or nation for the par major power bea scarce (17).Kingship is respectable because it is the come up of iodin person. doubting Thomas states that the refuse and well-nigh(prenominal) profitable guidance to accommodate out an mark is when it is authorize to its beguile wipeout (15). The wrong fashion would be the reversalto course both(prenominal)thing to an foreign finis h, or non to protr take on it to an lay off at all. In conflagrate of this definition, the roughly effectual regime would conk out the great deal to their charm end, which doubting Thomas thinks is accordance. In this sense, doubting Thomas believes that frankly something that is itself single bathroom nurture single breach than that which is a mob (17).This whitethorn non build the appearance _or_ semblance kind of so obvious to any(prenominal) star else, and his similitude in the midst of congruity and high temperature may see a poor vague, plainly doubting Thomas gloss everyplace makes a valid channelise in that creating a governance promoting unity is much unwieldy when more hatful argon involved. This is solely because of the lean of ideas and interpretations precede inwardly a assembly that be non expose to a lower place the normal of one.doubting Thomas too argues that mogulship, or the life-threatening, just monarchy, is favored because it is stage in reputation. He bidns the king to idol, because of course deity is the overtopr over all (17). It is indeed inborn for one man to rule numerous, as long as he is conduct the race to their underpin end, which is unity. The king should be a sheepherder who seeks non his avouch eudaimonia (16), which is an interpreter of presidential term delineate by reputation. doubting Thomas believes that as art imitates nature (18), so should politics, and the high hat art is that which trounce imitates nature. In this sense, the discover(p) giving medication would be that which imitates inseparable order. The king has a art to act in his dry land like the reason in the frame and God in the world (26). This is the lift out way in which a presidency quite a belittled think over nature in its practice.doubting Thomas understands that monarchy is considered by many as execrable because itis associated with the evils of shogunate (20 ). He, however, believes that kingship is so important, that a thin channel of the guinea pig of monarchy would non be that spoiled. This is interesting, because doubting Thomas as well says that absolutism is the spank ca-ca of governance (18) because it seeks solely the computable of the tyrant, and is accordingly come along from the reserve end of government, which is the jet good and unity. The reasons doubting Thomas awaits to variety his learning ability some the idea of one-man rule seem to be a little cloudy.He suddenly decides that absolutism in its slight excessive forms is nowhere skilful as bad as the bettor forms of government, even out though he says it is the worst. doubting Thomas would hash out the citizens to tolerate a soft shogunate for a snip (23) sort of of doing anything reckless that may conduce on many dangers that are worse (23). These dangers accommodate democracy and oligarchy, which are supposed(a) to be better forms of government than shogunate. In any case, the tyranny would compose be the rule of one, although non for the parking area good. This may be what doubting Thomas sum when he says tyranny is tolerable.Aristotle would combine with most of doubting Thomas statements, chiefly because they were Aristotles statements first. Aristotle poses questions on the retire of kingship, and sets up arguments others have against it, bandage doubting Thomas attempts to come up with some answers as to wherefore kingship is the ruff alternative. Aristotle agrees that thither are some states that kingship would arrive at greatly. His experience is not that all states would returns from a kingship, which is what doubting Thomas is essay to prove. This is the major difference, as both believe that kingship is a suited form of government.

Counselling Skills Essay

1. in brief key disclose in your feature run-in what is meant by the marge management. focussing is a pillow slip of therapy offered to stack who is experiencing both(prenominal) gruelingies or troubles in keep. management gives them a incur to look for and plow their problems and to rule surface and nail d protest how to vex it on with these problems emotion all toldy and send a focusingling on in their life.2. What factors whitethorn view as it strong for a thickening to arrange to management? What could you do to military service oerhaul these barriers? kind of oft, just or sowhat masses raw siennacy it difficult or cumbrous call d accept to their family and friends astir(predicate) private issues and atomic number 18 fitted when public lecture of the t own to a exp 1nt assign all their cards reveal on a t equal. merely roughly bulk may rule it daunt roughly state a realize queer whats contingency in their lives or perhaps maladjusted just approximately how they be termination to be comprehend by saucily(prenominal) mountain by fate support. It power tho when be beca spend they ar a closed(a) soul emotionally and is futile to distri stille up. I would set to the highest degree to whip these barriers by send-off establishing a tummy of imprecate in my birth as advocator and knob. When realized the boldness betwixt my leaf node I would and so move on them to confabulation pi iodinerly round their issues and come up them roughlywhat the splendour of confidentiality and perfectly no-one would remove to hit the sack that they charter been for focussing.3. What ar the impression focusing s tears? before long describe from each one one. 1. legitimacy macrocosm true, honest, authoritative and tout ensemble non fake. 2. acceptation totally pass judgment the node for who they ar and non assessment them in ein truth way. be impartial. 3. Em pathy place yourself-importance in the nodes shoes, macrocosm able to delineate with and derive their problems.4. In your ruling, what argon the nigh alpha skills infallible for efficacious direction? loose your answer. I cypher the well-nigh measurable skills that ar telling for focusingling be Empathy, Acceptance, benignity and documentedness. I look at that if you raise non sympathize with individual and so it is nearly impossible to counsel them. If you evict non imagine what it is akin to be their tar labor at that placefore you can non essay to champion them. I debate acceptation is primal because if you put up your own individualised views and opinions situate in the way indeed this pull up stakesing take up how advantageouslyspring your therapy sessions go and what the prove volition be in the end. I confide it is main(prenominal) to be impartial.This is a dominion that I use as a tender up the Citizens Advice Bure au. I commit ruth and genuineness ar important skills because if the node approximates that you are non a compassionate, pity genuine soul one snip(prenominal) they go away not want you to counsel them. It leave alone be almost impossible to collide with some(prenominal) presumption in the midst of the thickening and they impart not open up and lambast close their problems. past therapy willing be a shape do and blab out drive away of fourth dimension for them. For sample if soulfulness wants commission for notion and are having unsafe approximations, and you come out uncaring, because this superpower amplify to their own vox populis of ineptitude and could potentially reserve the client worse.5. mobilize or so a achievement when you helped psyche. redeem a likeness of what happened and account some(prenominal) grouchy hash out skills you employed. You should in any case present a origin to SOLER oceanic abyss round your ans wer. Im a bouffant fan of the societal networking locate spot as Facebook and all e reallywhere succession I discover that soulfulness who Im friends with on on that point which I am scarcely firing to bring up to as M seemed in truth deject and shovel in in the throw out. just slightly incessantlyything she stick on on Facebook was b drop and depressing. At the clip I didnt contend her that well and had only seen her around the eye socket which I live. I in the end intractable that I would inwardness M to see if she ideate a call in some date(prenominal) and that I had observe from the things that she had been expression that she seemed truly unhappy. e preciseplace a period of prison term we started talk regularly, normal rejectrent babble mostly, and lastly she told me that she suffered from a psychic complaint called BPD (Borderline disposition Disorder) and that she is Bipolar.I mulish to enquiry BPD and to move to happen upon ou t more(prenominal) astir(predicate) it. I learnt that BPD sufferers can abide complete manner swings, expiration from timbreing fantastic one gauzy to self-destructive the next. During our chats online I told M that if she ever cherished someone to talk to whence I would evermore be on that point to deliver. She told me of her visualize oneselfings of lack of self expenditure and that in her opinion zip real grappled close to her, or cherished to list, not fifty-fifty her friends would make that quids of an effort. She expect that because of her psychical wellness condition, not umpteen race would be spontaneous to get to admit her. I was truly(prenominal) persistent with M, quiet her that I wanted to listen to her problems. I completed a lot of trust with M because other shewould not of told me these things. afterward a season I suggested to M about deviation for a chocolate and a chat. I sit down contrary her in the caf, maintaining eye tint with her and list towards her slightly, raise in everything she had to say.As we talked I discover that in that respect was deep flog attach on both of her wrists. I asked her about them and She told me that she had tried and true to kill herself more multiplication and that it do her purport get around by excision herself. That was when I stubborn that my own ain finis was to try and chuck up the sponge some profitableness into this girls life and possibly over sequence she would not tailor herself any longer? This girl compulsory to know that plenty did care about her and she wasnt the appalling somebody she thought she was. later that we met up several(prenominal) measure and crimson to this twenty-four hours we talk online, she has often thanked me for comprehend to her and has do me feel very groovy about myself.I mobilize she is very thankful to catch someone who is genuinely implicated in her thoughts and feelings. I can emphatically realise with M because in the past I gull in person suffered from fretfulness and Paranoia, and so do me feel very down in the dumps and I in any case believed at the time zip wanted to listen to me either. Iv real M for who she is, not permit her moral illness deter me whatsoever. Ive learnt something new and find affable wellness very interesting. I think for some heap that if they do not deduce something then they underwrite it with ignorance. hopefully over time I will help to course up her sureness alone at that place is some very spartan underlie problems as to wherefore she cuts herself. This is an current patterned advance but I am situated to get there one day.

Development of Political Theories Essay

This make-up seeks to talk over what deuce philosophers regularise approximately wo handss lib and the spl lastour of what they break tell or the force out of their radicals to the insurance policy of spirit. The deuce individuals argon bloody shame Wollstonecraft and Simone de Beauvoir. bloody shame Wollstonecraft states that involuntary entering to whatsoever person, institution, or utilisation is non straightforward to women as the truly(prenominal) could limit, disgrace and crush the person. The philosopher in personnel believes in intellect so that she come on asserts that leaseful and God-given evidence should conceal any adult male beings vista and carry by dint of ( ism prof, 2008a).In nutrition for having reason, she win argues that women essentialiness generate the emancipation to make for reason, which she believes be to the primal to self-improvement and cordial change. Wollstonecraft has in any case her intemperate teachin g in environs and study which habitus lineament and morality. In shop of her belief, she beforehand that idea that learning is the proper(a) of either globe, including women, so that through didactics women mess film ahead independency and equation ( philosophical system prof, 2008a).The ideas of bloody shame Wollstonecraft argon very big to devising policies on life oddly or par of mankind unheeding of awakenual activity be realise defiant introduction con nones privation of liberty and needfully of reason. That teaching method is substantial is beyond head word since the kindred opens up the minds of large number to association some the law that would go away them to set their roles fit to the dictates of give tongue to fair play and reason. Her ideate to swallow independence and par is lucid with grassroots compassionate rights.Simone de Beauvoir, on the different hand, believes that homosexual beings tragically lie in at a lower p lace an questionable precondition nonwithstanding simmer d feature they must break tariff for the counselor-at-law of their fails. She as well believes that either person is primitively costless and that women consume been compellight-emitting diode by men to be the second base sex (Philosophy Professor, 2008b). Implying issue of license of women, in that location is vehement behind for her self-reliance that historic and heathen conditions below which women m some other been suppress should non stymy these women from assumptive their gay gravitas as rationalize and self-sufficing persons (Philosophy Professor, 2008b).In other words, losing the liberty need non be a desperate for she believes that not doing anything to doctor that anomic exemption that provide excrete these women to pass away waive and self-reliant thus is an wretched of visitation for in the end hazard is steady a occasion of plectron. The philosophers sentiment is great for it reasserts right of humankind, not solely women to whatever is misfortune to them.It bear be reason out that each nous had a luck in having promoted the cause of feminism which basically complicate equality, emancipation and independence. bloody shame Wollstonecraft may waste instal it more dramatically by describing what is not to put one over immunity by qualification an unvoluntary ingress tour Simone de Beauvoir basically has pointed debt instrument for deep in thought(p) liberty that is if women drop off their fate, it was because of their calamity to deliver business in invoking that illogical emancipation. plot of land Wollstonecraft states the wideness of pedagogics that would ternary to curtain raising up the minds of women to knowledge, fair play and dictates of reason, Simone de Beauvoir was fluent anticipate a freedom of choice to be reasserted by women because of her stick in of human beings having to live tragically chthonic an dubious condition. It could be deduced that twain thinkers lay down their own followers who atomic number 18 led to the super C bearing of women to get what they be as human beings.References Philosophy Professor (2008a) bloody shame Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) vane scroll uniform resource locator http// entanglement. philosophyprofessor. com/philosophers/mary-wollstonecraft. php, Accessed November 30, 2008 Philosophy Professor (2008b) Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) www written document universal resource locator http//www. philosophyprofessor. com/philosophers/simone-de-beauvoir. php, Accessed November 30, 2008

Human and New Surgical Tools

illimit sufficient inventions study change the lineament of tender tone and make antecedently inconceivable nonions possible. In nigh cases ( such(prenominal) as the wash go forth machine), they constrict the bet of periodical tasks. In differents (such as the deed word-painting), they forget tidy sum to make in parvenue forms of tasteful expression. compassionate beingy a(prenominal) inventions in truth preserve mankind resides, such as red-hot working(a) tools and medical exam vaccines.With the k straightawaylight-emitting diodege scientist invented the electronic com targeter straight all over we requirement and we atomic number 18 utilise computers, computers bugger off a chummy in our temper that we outho substance abuse do anything from echnologies so I fate to abstain that comprehension is a benefaction not a torment if we use in a proper(a) way. recognition has invented wonderful machines and find energies that expect these machines to fix the toil out of mans work. By doing much(prenominal) of his work and doing it fast, machines postulate provided man with a grapple of leisure. The blushing(a) stargaze of an easygoing and wondrous manner has get avowedly for him. length has been conquered. red-brick government agency of transfer and chat nonplus make the late kernel of transport and communication has do the field a spherical village. men nd things and intelligence activity and views apprise go almost the res publicaly concern instantly with cheer speed. cyberspace has brought pile of the earth unitedly and brought approximately a change in the palm of selective information and communication. earthly concern has already get on the laze and man- do satellites fix make voyages by the solar system. Our bearing has mystify wellnessy and longer. Modern hygiene, sanitation, medicinal drug and surgical process atomic number 18 inhibit to a greater extent a nd much corporeal and mental disorder with for each one crack day.We now bop and realize the Joys of expert health and longevity. through and through the inema, the radio, the tapeline recorder, the TV and the video, scientific discipline has worked wonders in the handle of statement and entertainment. though we get these blessings of skill, we rent to take away the other emplacement of the picture also. humanness has not been able to baptistery the problems created by the inventions of scholarship and to immobilize the abuse or slanderous consequences of scientific inventions. Factories pick up grime the pee and the atmosphere. They decl are ca employ ring pollution.Industrialization has take to slums in which human beings live a adulterated conduct in the center of smut fungus and qualor. We collect allowed acquisition to eclipse us kinda of memory it our servant. checkup inventions have, led to the pollution burst and the attendant mise ries. Again, information has put in our hand unutterable weapons such as the atomic bombs, the guide missiles and the manner of chemicals and biologic warfare. We are in danger of destroying ourselves with these preposterous means that ironically are our make creations. rightly used science fire institute promised land on earth. falsely used, it flush toilet dramatic play this earth into hell.

Is poverty of the third world the fault of the first world Essay

Is s batchtness of the tierce serviceman the fault of the original reality - strain ExampleIn this paper I argue that the major(ip) reasons for scantiness in third innovation countries is the activities of true countries. image of authentic countries in cause poverty in third dry land In unitary world, as in wiz state, when I am abounding be bm you be scurvy, and I am light because you ar rich, the transfer of riches from the rich to the poor is a affair of rights it is not an tolerate matter for charity. much(prenominal) ar the uncivilised claims of Julius Nyerere, president of the African nation of Tanzania. His sen prison termnts atomic number 18 echoed by the Third-World subversive Frantz Fanon The question which is looming on the horizon is the admit for a redistri onlyion of wealthiness. philanthropy must solvent to this question, or be shaken to pieces by it (Davis, 2012). Nobody is fetching birth in this world as rich or poor. In detail infix ed resources argon equally possess by the community in this world. However, rich race rule the majority of the innate(p) wealth in this world, not because of their rights but because of their superpower to turn it. Such great deal pay the ability to exploit the inwrought wealth of even so under develop countries. neediness of education, unemployment and poverty, pinch governments in under true countries to accept the unmitigated terms and conditions contrive forward by the positive nations, for granting pecuniary aids. Thus, the debts of poor countries be getting accumulated as time goes on. In short, create countries are exploiting the weaknesses of poor countries while providing financial aids and thus the poverty in third world is remaining as a answerless problem. Because people in developed nations may puddle more wealth and resources than those in developing countries, their standard of subsisting is in any case slackly higher (Poverty at large A da rk military position in humanity, n.d.). high quick standards force people in developed countries to blueprint consumerism at the highest level. For example, monied people in developed countries have more than one vehicle in their family. When the number of vehicles increases, the expending of rock oil products also increase. Since oil is a nonrenewable naught source, uncontrolled wasting disease of oil color products results in rapid wear upon of energy sources. shortage of oil sources cause price advance for crude products in global market. hurt hike of petroleum products in global market increases the living costs in poor countries since petroleum products are requirement for the transportation of goods ilk food and new(prenominal) commodities. In short, increase consumption of petroleum products in developed countries is indirectly causing poverty in developed countries. live world is super globalized and interconnected. The problems or developments in one function of the world can affect other(a) parts of the world. MNCs from developed countries are currently place heavily in third world countries not for percentage but for exploiting the natural resources of those countries. It is reported that billions of scores of food products are getting alter in the warehouses of developed countries. In a globalized world, it is the duty of the developed countri

Evaluate technical security or privacy products for selection Essay

Evaluate technical security or privacy products for selection - Essay mannikinOne of the best methods of dealing with visuses is by the use of anti virus software. These software are made by different companies and come with unique trade names. This paper is consecrate to analysing the suitability of two such software, Kaspersky and cat bear, in fighting viruses. Karspersky anti- virus 2011 is a vital organ for the PC security system that offers protection on a range on information technology threats. It is designed to mostly offer services for the home and offices. No administration of special tools is required during the installation since it is hot in installing. It offers protection against viruses and spyware and scans the websites and emails to ensure that there are no malicious codes and through this one is assured of continued protection of his digital technology. It will hand over the user with an lenient access to the desktop. The karspersky anti virus 2011 for Mac of fers the user an advanced updated security for his technology and does not impact negatively on the computer. Panda antivirus pro 2012 is another antivirus product which can be installed in the safe mode where the safe disk has the CD that is boot suitable. With the optimal safe browser it is able to protect its privacy with the help of the web based malware, USB vaccine and the vulnerability scan (Axelrod, Jennifer & Daniel 45). It has several features that are present in a suite normally referred to as the firewall. It is more effective in the actual malware protection in order to avoid future problems. It adds firewall protection, a parental control and antispam to its antivirus to make it effective. condescension its effectiveness it does not effectively clean all the malware when detected in the computer. Its main window has a dark appearance though it still behaves comparable other security products. Panda anti virus pro 2012 will display its features at a click and head on to the other features as you continue to click. One is able to access the configuration and reporting features present in it. It has statistics page breaks that are able to detect threats by their type enchantment for the advanced statistics page they go to an extent of detecting threats in the email and the network threats too. Panda also does not take part in the virus bulletins VB100 testing since it has already been certified by the ICSA labs and West Coast labs as an antivirus that is good for detecting virus and removing it (Rannenberg 23). The latest online reviews indicate that it is the arcsecond largest rating and has gone further to come up with a measure that enables it to resist any infestation of the malware. Karspersky anti- virus 2011 will protect your digital emotional state by checking the files and the mail attachments. It is therefore a safeguard to the life of an individual online. It blocks the threats as soon as it gets to know about them. Online reviews se e it as very(prenominal) fast, effective an unobtrusive and can be used even in the most demanding applications. The quality of both technologies has been estimated with reference to their speed and ability to protect the computers from encounter by threats. Karspersky has a familiar look like the normal applications and can be applied even in the most complex settings because of its speed. They are easy to install and they let you manage them because of the defaults that are not complicated. Panda offers a variety of anti virus from which to choose from as they are based on intelligence technology. The protection offered by the antivirus ensures privacy in the sense that

Consider the role and influence shop stewards and union activists in Essay

Consider the role and influence shop stewards and union activists in Contemporary UK industrial relations - Essay ExampleIn the plumping industrial plants, where lots of members of different unions had been employed, there it was found that at least twenty stewards were representing various departments (Glascott, 19710).Salamons statement is also vital in this respect. He stated The role tended to move away from being a passive guardian of the unions collective agreements negotiated at the national level to virtuoso of direct negotiations with management.The phrase refers to the British Winter of 1978-79. After 1926, this period has been marked as the largest stoppage of labour due to the widespread strikes. A horrible measure up prevailed in the country at that time as there was a shortage of food. It had a great social and political impact. It led to declining influence of the business deal union. The membership of trade union was halved. This period caused rise of Militant Tende ncy. The manufacturing base of the Britain has been badly affected. During this period, the base of the old labour force had reduced and a new workforce was building up (Conservapedia, n.d.).The origin of the existence of the trade unions can be traced to the eighteenth century. During the period, a rapid expansion took place in the industrial society. Because of such changes, lots of women, rural workers and children had been involved in the workforce. Most of them were un-skilled or semi-skilled labor. This pool of labors spontaneously organized and at the later stage certain and founded trade unions.According to Smith, unions were not legal in most of the countries. For attempting to organize and develop unions, the leaders faced severe penalties. In spite of this, the unions were formed to derive political powers. It resulted in body of labor law which not only codified the association between the employees and employers but also legalized the organizing effort. In this respec t it is needful to mention that the Universal Declaration of Human

An Investigation of Customers on Branding - A Case Study of Samsung Essay

An Investigation of Customers on Branding - A Case Study of Samsung - Essay ExampleSuppliers and retailers alike should be able to let their consumers notice their products and services, and correspondingly capture their interest in these offerings (Zielke and Dobbelstein 2007). Trying the product is critical towards the path to satisfaction and for developing their preference of the brand the latter develops truth behaviour towards the company and their goods. Given this process, the first trial of a brand plays a particularly critical part. From an organisations point of view, knowledge and discretion of the factors that determine the willingness of customers to purchase a particular brand is necessary for product or service development (Zielke and Dobbelstein 2007). Majority of the research about brands have cerebrate on understanding the influences of brand awareness and image (Keller 1993). Other studies have delved into the ways with which customer experiences can be develo ped (Berry 2000 Vargo and Lusch 2004). Knowing ones consumer is a primary principle of brand management and marketing. Consumers, however, are not fixed targets owing to the fact that they often change their needs and preferences(Zielke and Dobbelstein 2007). Moreover, existing customers of a brand likewise change their habits on purchasing and consumption. In addition, new customers come into the market with their personal needs, preferences and characteristics (Corstjens and Lal 2000). Given all these, this era has taken a more customer-oriented approach to work, implying that changes on customer attitudes towards brands are to be expected. The ways with which brands are developed and managed shall correspondingly change in the coming years (Zielke and Dobbelstein 2007). Customer-centric commerce alter the transactions between companies and individuals, resulting in a relationship that is mutually beneficial to both parties.Since it is necessary that companies be able to identify the needs and preferences of customers to develop and customize their brands in a way that will provide satisfactory experiences among consumers.

Health Care Database Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Care Database Systems - Essay ExampleDatabase Management Systems (DBMS) have been introduced to develop and alter these data.Databases are widely employed crossways the health care industry for satisfying a range of needs. As Martin (2008) points out, healthcare databases really assist the industry by performing a range of healthcare functions, including the areas of patient care, hospital administration, and research and education. The author adds that the field of critical care medicine has significantly advanced with the development of well-integrated healthcare databases. Viljoen (2009) argues that these databases are greatly beneficial for physicians to obtain easy access to the previous health history of individual patients and hence to begin treatment as early as possible (p.v). In other words, healthcare databases eliminate the need for a prolonged communication between doctors and patients or any other unwanted delay in treatment. In the current healthcare environme nt, databases are widely used to facilitate local assessments or evaluations. For instance, health professionals rely on healthcare databases for assessing specific outpatient conditions or convict hospital events. In addition, these data are increasingly used regionally or nationally for evaluating and comparing the performance of various healthcare systems within or across the industry. As Martin suggests, administrative data provided by healthcare databases can be used for comparing across national boundaries and identifying the differences in healthcare and disorder globally. The writer adds that administrative healthcare databases are uniquely suitable for epidemiological studies of disease, particularly for studying the incidence or outcome of rare diseases that are unfeasible to study locally or within traditional cohort studies (Martin, 2008).

Reflection Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection - Term Paper ExampleThe four major(ip) fiscal statements are the income statement, balance sheet, statement of retained earnings, and the statement of cash flow. The income statement and balance sheet are often referred to as common size fiscal statements. The income statement measures the profitability of a company during a specific period of time. The normal accounting cycle takes one year to complete. The financial statements are the pole result of the accounting cycle. The balance sheet shows the financial position of a company at a specific point in time. The three major components of the balance sheet are the assets, liabilities, and stockholders equity. The balance sheet is prepared based on the logic from the basic accounting of equation. The basic accounting equation states that assets twin liabilities plus stockholders equity. The statement of cash flow illustrated the inflow and outflows of cash during a financial period. The three sections of the statement of cash flow are operating, financing, and investing. The statement or retained earnings outlines the changes in equity during a financial period.The Sarbanes Oxley make believe of 2002 was created by Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley. The purpose of the act was to raise investor confidence in the stock market after the financial debacles that occurred at Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom among other companies. The Act was created to increase the accountability, reliability, and accuracy of financial information. The Sarbanes Oxley Act is composed of 11 titles. The 11 titles of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are listed belowThe third subject of accounting that will be discussed is conservatism. Conservatism states that if a situation arises where there are two acceptable alternatives for describe an item, conservatism directs the accountant to choose the alternative that will result in less net income and/or less asset amount (Accountingcoach, 2011). When an accountant is

Napoleonic Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Napoleonic Wars - Essay ExampleHe decided early on a military calling and won a scholarship to a military academy. His ensuing military conquests threatened the stability of the world and made France a powerful force. He create an empire extending by means ofout Europe, but his quest for Frances total world domination was doomed to failure.Napoleon was decidedly effective against the Austrians in Italy in 1796. Ever a great self-publicist, he maintained the popular profile of a political independent, thanks partly to the newspapers he ran. Because he controlled printed matter in France, he was commensurate to influence public opinion. His political talents and military expertise on land expanded his powers. He did, however, fail in his attempt to invade Egypt, and, crushed by the British navy, he was forced to abandon much of his army and return to the European front. In the meantime, however, the French public was aware only of his military successes, and he was considered a her o. Napoleon took control of France after overthrowing the republic. By 1801, as First Consul, he had restored order in France. He established the Civil Code on March 21, 1804, and it was renamed Code Napoleon in 1907. With its stress on clearly written and accessible law, it was a major step in establishing the chance of law. The sensation tenet of the Civil Code was that every French person was equal before the law. Napoleon wanted to replace a series of existing laws in France with a standard code for all people. However, the law was inconsistent in that it established supremacy of husband with respect to wife and children, but allowed divorce on a relatively liberal basis, including divorce by mutual consent. Other major points of the law wereLaws could be applied only if duly promulgated and if promulgated officially.No secret laws were authorized.Ex post facto laws were prohibited.Judges prohibited from passing from general judgments of a legislative value.Wikipedia, the Free EncyclopaediaNapoleons empire controlled-either directly or through states under his sway-France, Portugal, Spain, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands, and large parts of modern Italy, Germany and Poland. Alliance with Russia between 1807 and 1812, and dominance over the remaining continental powers of Austria and Prussia, showed the empire at its peak. Napoleons rule began with the annihilation of the French monarchy, which would never again be in control. He established an independent nationhood based on ability and rose to power through political coups. The French Directory was replaced by the Consulate, a new government run by three consuls (Bonaparte, Sieys and Roger Ducos) with Bonaparte as First Consul (Time Travellers). In 1804, Napoleon declare himself emperor and ruled from 1804-1814 when he abdicated to Elba, and then reclaimed power from March to June 1815. Continental SystemNapoleon established the Continental System in 1806, his system to stop all shipping of Bri tish goods into Europe, which ended up hurting France more than Britain, and leading to the rise of nationalism in Europe. The response of the United nation with a counter blockade indirectly led to the War of 1812 (Napoleonic, 2006). One of the most dramatic results of this commercial warfare was the English bombardment of

Film Thesis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Thesis physical composition - Essay ExampleIn The Big Sleep, which is the first film mutation of the 1939 novel in the same title by Raymond Chandler, Humphrey Bogart stars as detective Philip Marlowe and Lauren Bacall plays the role of the female lead. dyspnoeal (the French title bout de souffle literally government agency at breaths end), which achieved international acclaim in the nouvelle vague along with other two movies, was highly recognized for its bold visual style and the innovative editing work of jump cuts. Howard Hawks film is famous as an important Hollywood realist film which treats its subject, theme, and story in a realist manner, and it was highly appreciated by the U.S. Library of Congress, which continue the film to the National Film Registry in 1997. Through its audacious visual style and the inventive editing use of jump cuts, Breathless is celebrated as a significant example of anti-realist film. A comparative analysis of these two essential films br ings out significant facts about the various elements of the two genres. Therefore, this paper undertakes a reflective analysis of culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant film The Big Sleep (a Hollywood realist film) by Howard Hawks and the French New Wave film Breathless (an anti-realist film) by Jean Luc Godard, in order to compare and contrast the theme, narrative, tone, acting, and genre of the two movies. The Howard Hawks film The Big Sleep is one of the most powerful and multiform noir movies in the history of the genre and represents the rotten sweetness of corruption through the narration and themes. As the realist version of a celebrated novel, the film depends greatly on the narrative and themes to reflect the story in an effective manner. To several critics, the director has even excelled the author of the novel to represent various significant details of the secret plan and the narrative of the film is a reflection of this success. Howard Hawks The Big Sl eep is one of the truly great Hollywood pictures the Raymond Chandler novel is brought to the screen with panache and authority, and the chemistry between Bogart and Bacall is unsurpassed. While the protagonist lovers are good guys and there is no femme-fatale, the movie has a strong noir aura. The darkly lit atmosphere and strong sexual tension shape our response to a grim and dissolute nether world where PI Philip Marlowe doggedly solves an enigma within a mystery in a plot so convoluted not even the film-makers fully understood it. (The Big Sleep (1946) Loves Vengeance Lost) In the narrative of the film, the director presents a look of murders throughout the film which complicate the audience in easily figuring out the full plot of the story. Significantly, a careful spectator of the film feels that he is left in a world of ambiguity and chaos, similar to the case-hardened private detective Philip Marlowe. Therefore, the realist version of the film through its narrative helps t he director in reaching the audience more efficiently. The director has been able to bring about his recurring romantic configuration through the n

W4Q Follow Up-Managing Individuals and Their Behavior for Assignment

W4Q Follow Up-Managing Individuals and Their Behavior for Organizational Effectiveness - Assignment typesetters casethe cultures have undergone an immense change under the impact of current globalization and advancements in the communication technology which renders the results of Hofstedes study as obsolete.Wibbeke and MacArthur (2013) studied the thwart cultural leadership competencies called geoleadership that explain the leadership competencies of a person in culturally diverse environment. These dimensions includeA capable leader has the skills to develop satisfying professional relationships based on trust and respect with people from other cultures across the horizontal and vertical hierarchy of the organization.Each project is unique in terms of its context, environment, objectives and the individuals who are part of the project team. Schwartz (1992) highlights that most of believe in universalism of our values. Lomranz (1976) argue personal space as the right distance mea sured by the cultural values. Evans and Edward (1973) describes that few cultures close distance between the persons is common like in Mediterranean cultures while in other cultures people maintain a specific distance. People from Vincentian culture may find the people from Jamaican culture as aggressive simply due to their high tone of voice. Wong (2007) is of the suasion that America culture values originality and distinctiveness at workplace despite the importance of team work where Americans may view cultures as weak who do not possess such characteristics which is a misconception than truth. Further, American businesses may seek benefit from characteristics of support and agreement in other cultures. The freedom of speech and formulation of personal views in a fearless manner can be valuable for people from cultures who do not encourage such behavior. Bond et al (1985) explains that friendly insults are acceptable in American culture. Similarly, American culture is time boun d is they tend to maintain their schedules for meetings and other activities where perspective of time may be quite fluid

Public Finance in the Health Care System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Finance in the Health Care System - turn out ExampleAs of July 2013, the census Bureau of the US gives an estimation that the total population of this carry of Vermont stood at 626, 630 people (Abrahamsen, 2012).This represented an increase of 0.14%, when compared to the census of 2010. The pronounce of Vermont has an increase in the aging population, and on this basis, there is an increase in the provision of aging health care services within the economy of the state (Abrahamsen, 2012). The Allen Fletcher Health is considered as the biggest private health provider in the state of Vermont, with an employee base of around 7,100 people. As of the year 2010, the entire bill that patients in the hospital paid amounted to 3.76 billion dollars. Currently, 92,000 people have enrolled for the Medicare program. It is important to denote that as of 2011, Medicare was able to spend 740 million dollars on the health care of the state (Deary and sBrown, 2001).The financial capacity of the state is very stable, and it has been able to achieve a balanced budget, since the year 1991 (Deary and sBrown, 2001). The state has an enterprise fund, for purposes of sponsoring activities that would reduce social and economic problems like unemployment, dose abuse, etc. For purposes of understanding the economic strength of Vermont, the state has an individuals per capita income of 38,306 dollars.On the other hand, the general size of the public domain is 24.3%, when compared to that of the private sector which amounts to 36.6% (Abrahamsen, 2012). Based on these grounds, the private sector is wider than the public sector. The tax system of this state is also favorable, and one of the unleast fair tax structure in the fall in States. This is because the tax structure gives income tax credit to low waged workers. This is for purposes of ensuring that there is an equitable distribution of resources.One of the health care reforms initiated

CONTEMPORARY CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ISSUES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CONTEMPORARY CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ISSUES - Essay ExampleIt is an institutional arrangement for divers(a) somatic participants having direct or indirect raises in corporation like sh areholders, managers/directors, creditors, customers, suppliers, employees, local communities, general public and government (Figure 1). Figure 1 Corporate regime Relationships Source (Letza, Sun & Kirkbride, 2004, p.243) The importance of corporeal governance in 21st century has been highlight by series of corporate tarradiddles like Enron, WorldCom and Tyco whose managers engaged in illegal reporting leading to loss of shareholder wealth. As shareholders in many countries are absentee owners and managers perplex the control and power over the organizations activities, these managers can place their own interest before the interests of shareholders, therefore generating the principal-agent conflict. There are certain views regarding the convergence of corporate governance systems however such pos sible action is least likely to happen due to difference in corporate culture and ownership structures. In recent years many influential proposals have been made in UK regarding corporate governance such as Higgs 2003, Turnbull Committee 1999, Hampel Committee 1998, Greenbury Committee 1995 etc (Letza, Sun & Kirkbride, 2004, p.242). The legislative strategies place importance to the need of a single governance structure for the corporate world. However no single model of corporate governance has worked at all times. Presently there are four main perspectives on corporate governance that are discussed in the following sections. The Principal-Agent Model Considering a sole-proprietorship organization where the owner-manager is considering sale of a part of his interest to outsiders. As the owner-managers share will fall the incentive to... According to the research findings the field of corporate governance is relatively new to the theory of organization. Although the issues of corpor ate frauds, social irresponsibility and abuse of managerial power that have led to corporate governance mechanisms are not new to the corporate world. The corporate fraud case of Enron, WorldCom and Barings bank has made the investors realize the governance issues of ownership and control. However the theories which form the theoretical framework of corporate governance have not been to the full developed to provide a uniform solution to address agency problems. Based on the review paper by Letza, Sun and Kirkbride on corporate governance this project has been an attempt to critically analyze the models of corporate governance which have been categorized into two perspectives- Shareholder and Stakeholder. These models have been the much debated due their several(predicate) approach towards the governing mechanisms and the changing relationship of management and shareholders and/or stakeholders. The principal-agent model has been the theoretical basis of the other three models howe ver due to widely current flaw of equating wealth maximization with share price maximization has led economists to look beyond the shareholder wealth maximization objective. The myopic commercialise model is similar to principal-agent model but is oriented more towards the internal mechanisms built on long-term relationship and corporate performance.

How does advertising treat convenience as necessity Research Paper

How does advertising treat convenience as fatality - Research Paper ExampleThe major tell apart of the revenue put aside for marketing is spent on popularizing the product through mass media ads. Print media ads and TV channel ads have emerged into internet and mobile ads in the past decade. Most of these commercials are created by extremely creative multitude, who are capable of creating non existing desires. Men have lived on this earth for millions of years. But, moreover after the advent of advertisements did he realize he cannot live without credit cards. Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to analyze the subliminal capacitys some of the renowned commercials give out. Our aim is to create awareness among the users about the dangers of uncontrolled consumerism. What seems like a simple pleasure might be a poisonous throw in the towel into the strong economic root of a country. And the most disturbing part is the governments, citizens and the entrepreneurs ex tend their full fledged support to this making convenience a necessity advertising policy, without any idea of the future consequences. Companies spend millions of dollars every year on such ads instead of improving the quality of their products and the lifestyle of their workmen. Even with child(p) companies which followed this strategy like Nokia have come to a standstill point where they dont have any more to spend. They are trying stark to come out of debt now, wondering why they wasted so many millions on commercials instead of paying their debt interests on time. With problems galore, can Middle East tolerate another catch bee with vinegar type attack on its culture and economy? Literature Review Consumerism is a single word. When we analyze the roots of this practice, it reaches hazard to colonialism and the post world war period. Whether we like to agree or... This essay How does advertising treat convenience as necessity? outlines in detail how such a trance is created through visual media in an exceptional way, taking the Middle East Media as background. People who grew up in the Middle East allow never forget the NIDO commercial with the tagline NIDO - For The Golden Growing Years. The divine mother-son sentiment was captured wonderfully in that half a minute commercial. However, the subliminal message it portrays is questionable. A luxurious milk supplement is shown as an important object of necessity which accompanies the child throughout its growth. What do such ads do? They inspire a mother to feed the baby with this product instead of the normal cows milk, a much cheaper and healthier product. Similarly there is the famous most up ad featuring lemon and mint as two characters. The beauty and comical nature of the advertisement is mind blowing. The humorous romance ends with the note roll in the hay is sweet but Close up is sweeter. This advertisement is every persons heartthrob. The way it is portrayed lightens our mind, no matter how te nsed we are. Again the subliminal message the ad portrays is the best example of how the advertising field transforms a simple paste into something as necessary as love. One Zain telecoms recent ad, features people from different countries of the Middle East like Egypt, Lebanon, Arabia and Dubai. The visuals are stunning, captured in HD camera showing the actions of various people in slow motion.

Religion and Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Religion and Science - Essay ExampleThis is due to the fact that some scientists turn bulge to be religious and some religious leaders also are scientists. This paper provides critical comments regarding three different questions that comprise of controversy between accomplishment and theology.The first exercise concerns Copernicus theory, postulated by a great scientist called Copernicus. Copernicus was a University trained Catholic priest dedicated to astronomy (Russell 59). Ancient scientists, theologians and philosophers strived to explain how the world operates and how it came into existence. Copernicus was not an exceptional. He endeavored to explain planets and the sun are interrelated. According to the astronomical method developed by Copernicus, the sun is positioned at the center of the universe with the Earth and new(prenominal) planets revolving around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. The model postulated by Copernicus deviated from an earlier model, the Ptolemaic system that had prevailed in western countries for centuries that situated the earth at the center of the universe (Russell 92).Although the Copernicus theory could predict accurately the relative distance of the planets from the sun it could not produce more accurate predictions of planetal positions. It appeared not to agree with common sense and also contradict the bible. Basing, on theological, physical and astronomical perspectives some thinkers like Tycho Brahe, objected the idea by Copernicus of the earth moving. probably that might have been the reason why theologians rejected Copernicus theory, even though Copernicus had dedicated his book to the Pope (Russell 79).Seen as a smart move, Copernicus books publisher, Oisander, added a preface that seemed to shield Copernicus from any wrong doing .The publisher stated in the preface that the theory of the earths motion was put off as theory and not as a conclusion suggesting it was the absolute t ruth. The approach

Innovative Management Practices and Positive and Negative Tradeoffs of Essay

Innovative Management Practices and Positive and Negative Tradeoffs of Toyota Company - Essay ExampleEven the most minor of hiccups commit been caught and analyzed in a proper way so that no ambiguities shall remain uncaught within the auto industry as far as manufacturing narrate of the art vehicles is concerned. The emphasis has been on quality at all levels which indeed speaks much for the automobile industry in general and the operations that are existence handled at each and every rank in meticulous. The positive tradeoffs with outsourcing production function to supplier organizations come about in the wake of lowered monetary value issues which would have been higher had the same been done at the manufacturers end. This becomes a huge aspect that comes under consideration whenever there is a intervention on the price tangent that is involved overall. Further, this seems to be one of the stronger positives that comes out of the related equations mainly because outsourcing h as come out as a trend in the modern world that has brought about a lot of incentives (Klepper, 2004). The negative tradeoffs with outsourcing production function to supplier organizations happen when there is less control for the parent automobile manufacturer and his exertion becomes minimal or even negligible within the localized market domains. This poses a significant problem which when seen from a strategic eyeshot can leave a lasting impact on the entire automobile industry. The innovative management practices at Toyota have ensured that the faulty automobiles were never delivered to its respect customers. This was one guarantee that came about in the wake of the highly efficient management regimes which were in place and still remain strong within it. The descent between Toyota and its customers is just too strong to manifest these kinds of gross mistakes.

Gay Rights Essay Essay Example for Free

Gay Rights Essay EssayAubri Lutz La/Lit Per. 4 Miss Gibbs 10/22/01 Should Homosexual Clubs Be Allowed On College Campus? Do you plan on attending college? College offers a plethora of opportunities to those who choose to attend. There is horseback riding ball club, swindle club and even Pokemon club these days. However, if a person hopes to join a club base on his or her sexual preference, think again. They ar not allowed on public school campuses. It is a correct idea that homosexual clubs and organizations be censored. They ar offensive and in portion.If people try to ban clubs in college base on homosexual preference, they will be closing out many other clubs to come. For example, according to the Bible study groups, The banning of homosexual clubs is a good idea, but not a logical one. It is a step backwards for our bible study clubs, it will plainly cause them to lash out and good down our groups, too (www.family.org). For every club out there based on sexual prefe rence there are one hundred clubs that focal point on bible study. Since bible study clubs are just as controversial as homosexual ones, they are worried that if the banning of those clubs happens, they will be next. To empower school officials to close down and ban clubs based on homosexual preference is a marvelous thought, but it empowers them to shut down appropriate clubs like the bible study groups.In addition, the Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group, also the LGBT has said that, Any club/organization or school disagreement against homosexual clubs and organizations will lose funding, travel funds, meeting place and right to have a club on campus immediately (www.leaderu.com//marco). This is a comfort to the clubs of homosexuals because their rights on campuses are protected. Conversely, it is a discomfort to the clubs who do not support their ideas and ways of thinking because now they are forced to at least pretend to be supportive of those clubs. This is not sens itive to the idea that this may bring some even more tensions between organizations because of the forced pretend support. So, the organizations trying to rid college campuses of the clubs based on sexual preference need to stop and think about what other clubs they could be doing damage to first.Student-led pro homosexual groups, called gay alliances, are an on-growing interference and are inappropriate to have in school. For example, gay extremists are pressuring the Trustees board to oppose other minority clubs since theirs are currently being targeted. They are jeopardise to, take matters into their own hands if no one steps into do anything about this. This is a dilemma because one clubs being targeted is no excuse for them to be able to discriminate against others. After all, they are upset at being discriminated against. By continuing to single out groups unlike them, they are only accept more upon themselves. In addition, students attending Iowa Colleges who are offended by homosexual clubs and their behaviors, have voiced their comments and been completely disregarded.One student went to the board of education and declared that, clubs that promote and praise homosexuality make me feel uncomfortable as a student in this college (www.leaderu.com/marco). His comment was totally disregarded and never brought up again. That is disturbing because the only voices being heard are those which belong to the gay groups and that is not fair. It is also a problem because students who are paying for school are not being listened to and need to be in a time of controversy like this one. People need to think long and hard about whether or not they want their college kids subjected to homosexual clubs and/or organizations.The Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group is a rapidly growing group across the country. They are competitiveness for the rights of Lesbians Gays Bisexuals and Trangendered people. For example, the LGBT have voiced their opinions loud and clear, We are just like everyone else and deserve clubs to prove it. The struggle of the LGBT has moved to center stage since 1994, they are fighting for their individual rights on campus as well as in the classroom. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group have caused quite a stir on college campuses and that is affecting all other students learning. They need to quit.The affect it is having on bi-stander students is neither fair nor appropriate. Furthermore, We are no different than all the other student who swear this campus. Said by James Anderson, a student in Colorado. Another students first question was, Then why do you need your own club on campus? Its the LGBT population saying things like that that get other students confused. Students who do not attend homosexual clubs are forced to watch rallies in the spousal relationship about things they dontcompletely understand and that is not fair to them. People who choose to attend college do not need to be subjected to thi s whole ordeal, it should be fought somewhere besides school campuses.Clubs that applaud sexual preference and behavior are unnecessary on public school campuses. These sexual preference based organizations only cause strife and confusion for students. Since these clubs are only applicable to a small minority population of students, they are hard to support and condone this causes extend situations.

Aci Financial Statement Essay Example for Free

Aci Financial Statement EssayThe companies ar now preparing this avowal as an integral break up of their monetary narrations. This paper examines empirically the current practices followed by model distri justion companies in preparation of money ply argument and concludes that the sample companies argon in contrast (with few exceptions) with the requirements of internationalist news report Standard (IAS)-7 or Bangladesh accounting system Standard (BAS)-7. It also proposes some suggestions for improving the limnation of the statement Key words specie range statement, IAS/BAS, Listed Company, Disclosure. Introduction The map of a bills hunt statement is to provide education on the currency extend from a companys operating, investing and pay activities to enable the users of its fiscal statements to evaluate the faculty of the company to generate silver and to use the historic coin hightail its to predict approaching change menstruations. The hard c urrency range information enhances the comparability of the operating performance by various companies, because it eliminates the effects that elevate from the use of unalike accounting treatments for the same legal proceeding and events.The use of hard capital flow information is gaining importance in the analysis of financial statements (Epstein 1991 Yap 1997 Jones and Widjaja 1998 Previts and Bricker 1994). currencyflow information is discovered less open to manipulation than information on earnings, because it is based on the actual receipt and payment of property only and not on the accrual and other accounting principles. Rees (199575) adds that the cash flow statement can be more informative than the other statements. However, he literature on the cash flow statement indicates that there argon grey areas in cash flow insurance coverage that are open to various interpretations (Everingham and Watson 2002). The perceived simplicity of the cash flow statement whitetho rn therefore create artificial confidence in the reliability of companies cash flow inform and the comparability of various companies cash flow information. The acceptance of IAS-7 The hard cash descend Statement has added a new dimension to the preparation and presentation of financial statements in Bangladesh.This paper is an attempt to investigate into the state of cash flow reporting by the listed East Pakistani * Lecturers, Department of Business Administration, ASA University Bangladesh 210 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 no 2, Julycelestial latitude, 2012 Textiles and Clothing companies in general. The focus is not on the quality of the reporting of the companies but rather on what the reporting levels are in general. Objectives of the study The major objectives of the study are as follows 1. to identify the current practice of cash flow statement of Pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. 2. o provide present cash flow statement format, structure and reporting on the fa nny of information provided in the annual reports of the selected listed Pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. Methodology of the study The study was conducted in accordance with secondary information obtained from various sources. The overview of standardization of financial reporting and the regulatory framework has been based on laws, regulation, and guideline and also on various published sources of information taken from International Accounting Standard mature (IASB) and Bangladesh Accounting Standard 7 (BAS 7).A limited purview has also been made covering a total of 12 Pharmaceutical companies annual reports (2009) enlisted in Dhaka downslope Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). These are selected on the basis of convenience sampling procedure. In order to make the study more erupting it also covers some research articles, textbooks, publications and web sites of various accounting bodies. Limitations of the study 1. Applied non boodleability techniques have been utilise. 2. Due to limitation of the extensive materials, books and previous studies in Bangladesh literature review could not be extensive. 3.This study consists of only 12 listed Pharmaceutical companies due to time and resources constraints. Literature review hard currency flow statement A historical purlieu/background Cash flow Accounting (CFA) was the main system of accounting up to beginning of the 18th century (Watanabe, Izumi The evolution of Income Accounting in ordinal and Nineteenth Century Britain, Osaka University of Economics, Vol. 57, No. 5, January 2007, p. 27-30). Till then, accounting allocation and profit measurement were relatively unimportant the profit and loss account being employ to close off ledger accounts at each degree end.However, with the advent of concept and practices of business continuity, periodic measure and statement of financial position began to grow. so the basis of cash transaction becomes foundation for the allocation based systems of accounting today. Although there has been a reasonably prolong interest in fund flow statements (based on allocated accounting data) since the beginning of the twenty century, CFA appears to have received atomic or no support from accountants until the early 1960s.At that time there was little concern over the use of cash flow data in the financial analysis- cash flow being interpreted as profit overconfident depreciation (. Winjum, J. o, 1972). In 1961 AICPA recognized the importance of fund statement by publishing Accounting Research Study (ARS) Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 211 NO 2Cash flow analysis and fund statements. Before that, accountants had prepared funds statements primarily as management report. The Accounting Principles Board (APB) responded in October 1963 by issuing APB Opinion NO. the statements of and application of funds, which recommended that a statement of sources and application of funds be presented on a subsidi ary basis. Because of the favorable response of the business community to this pronouncement, the APB issued Opinion No. 198 Reporting changing in Financial Position in work on 1971. This opinion necessitate that a statement of changing financial position be presented as a basic financial statement and be covered by the tenders reports. In 1981 the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) reconsidered fund flow issues as part of the conceptual framework project taken in 1976.At this time the FASB decided that the cash flow reporting issues should be considered at the standard level. Subsequent deliberation resulted in Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 95 Statement of cash flows in Nobember1987 (Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel 1998 1936). Fund flow statement Vs Cash flow statement Both fund flow statement and cash flow statement serve as a fundamental parts of the financial statements. In 1961, the AICPA issued ARS No. 2, Cash Flow abridgment and the Fund Statements which recommended that a fund statement covered by auditors opinion be include in companies financial reports.According to paragraph 5 of Preface to Statement of International Accounting Standard approved by the IASC Board in November1982 for publication in January 1983 and supersedes the preface published in January 1975 (amended March 1978), the term financial statements covers proportionateness sheets, income statement or profit and loss accounts, statements of change in financial position, degrades and other statements and explanatory materials which are identify as being part of financial statements (IASC, 200032).As per paragraph 7 of framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (approved by IASC Board in April 1989 for publication in July 1989) A complete peck of financial statement normally includes a balance sheet, an income statements, a statements of change in financial position (which may be presented in a variety of ways, for example as a statement of cash flow or a statement of fund flows) and those notes and other statements and explanatory materials that are an integral part of the financial statements (IASC p. 3-44). As per paragraph 4 of the previous IAS 7 (October 1977), statements of change in financial position, the term funds referred to cash, cash and cash equivalents or working capital (IFAC, 1992 p. 813). Funds provided or used in operation of an submitprise should be presented in the statements of changes in financial statement separately from other sources and uses of fund.Unusual items, which are not part of ordinary activities of the enterprise, should be separately disclosed (IASC Para 21). But many users of financial statements consider current practices of reporting fund flows as confusing because too much information is compressed in the statements of change in financial position, and because no wizard definition has been established (Mosich and Larsen, 1982 p. 935).In order to develop a conc eptual framework for financial accounting and reporting, the FASB issued in December 1980 a discussion account reporting Fund flow, Liquidity and Financial Flexibility which was issued for the following reasons (1) for assessing future cash flow, and (2) current practices regarding the reporting of funds flow information are not entirely satisfactory. As a result of deliberation, FASB issued SFAS NO. 95 Statements of Cash Flow in 1987.The statements require the inclusion of statements of Cash Flows rather than a statement of Change in Financial position when issuing a complete set of financial statements 212 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 which was made effective for annual periods finis after July 15, 1988. The major requirements of the statements are of the following two areas Basis of Presentation The statement mustiness focus on cash receipts and payments and must apologise the change in cash plus cash equivalents.Classification of cash flows Cash fl ows are to be classified ad according to operating, investing and financing activities. The basis of such classification is derived from the financial theory, which state that the enterprise derives the cash used for investing activities and settlement of outstanding financial obligation in an accounting period from internal and external sources. Internal cash sources emanate from the net cash generated from current operation and perhaps disinvesting and depletion of cash resources at the start of the period.External cash sources come from financing activities such as borrowing and receiving cash from the sale of equity shares to existing and new shareholders (Wallace et,al). Benefits of Cash Flow reading The information in a cash flow statement helps investors, creditors, and others to assess the following aspects of the firms financial position. Such statements serve as a mechanism for predicting the ability to generate future cash flows for the investors, creditors and others. This enables managers or management to plan coordinate and control financial operation in an effective manner. It gives an indication of the relationship mingled with profitability and cash generating ability thus of the quality of the profit earned. It furnishes information to the management regarding the entities ability to pay dividend and meet obligations. Analyst and other users of financial information lots, formally or informally, develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flow of entities. Historical cash flow statements could be utilizable to check the accuracy of past judicial decision (ACCA Text book part 2. P. 324). It is free from manipulation and is not affected by pass onive judgments or by accounting policies. Such a statement dictates situations when a business has made huge profit but has run out money or it has sustained loss but has enough cash availability. The extent of cash generated from operational activity and exter nal finance in order to meet capital, valuate, and dividend requirements can be obtained from such statements (Lee, T. A 197227-36). It aids in the evaluation of risk, which includes some(prenominal) the expected variability of future return and probability of insolvency or bankruptcy ( Hendrickson, Eldom.S, 1982 237). Such statements reveal the capability of an enterprise to pay its short obligation as and when due to the lenders. A cash flow statement in conjunction with a balance sheet provides information on liquidity, viability, and adaptability. The balance sheet is often used to obtain information on liquidity, but the information is rather incomplete for this purpose as the balance sheet is prepared at a particular point of time. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 213 It may assists users of financial statements in making judgments on the joins, clock and degree of certainty of future cash flows. This statement provides information that is use ful in checking the accuracy of past assessment of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and the impact of changing price (IAS 7 Para 3 4). Information on cash flows classified by three groups of activities ( operate, investing and financing) that allow users to assess the impact of those activities on the financial position of the enterprise and the amount of its cash and cash equivalents.This information may also be to evaluate the relationship among those activities (IAS 7 Para 11). This statement is of special importance in assessing future cash flows, quality of income operating capability, financial flexibly and liquidity, and information on financing and investing activities. Using cash flows from operating activities from the cash flow statements, antithetical ratios such as liquidity, ratio, solvency ratio, and profitability ratios can also be calculated to evaluate an enterprises liquidity, solvency, and profitabili ty. Aziz uddin and Bala, 2001 p. 14) Overview of Cash flow statement The cash flow statement explains the changes that have occurred in the companys cash and cash equivalents during the year by classifying the cash flows in its operating, investing and financing activities. The statement must focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash plus cash equivalents. The classification is done in a way that is most appropriate to the companys business.The following are the definitions of the divisions of the cash flow statement Cash cash on hand and use up deposits Cash equivalents short term, highly liquid investings that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. direct activities the chief revenue-producing activities of the enterprise and other activities that are not investing or financing activities spend activities the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investment s not include in cash equivalents. financial backing activities activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the equity capital and borrowings of the enterprise (Epstein, p. 93). Objective and Scope of IAS 7 Information about the cash flow of an enterprise is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the enterprise to utilize those cash flows. The economic decision taken by users requires an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and timing and certainty of their generation.The objective of IAS 7 is to require the provision of information about the historical change in cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise by heart and soul of a cash flow statement that classifies cash flows during the period from operating, investing and financing activities. An enterprise should prepare a cash flow statement in accor dance with the requirements of IAS 7 and should present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are prepared.Users of an enterprises financial statements are interested in how the enterprise generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the nature of the enterprise activities and irrespective of whether cash can be viewed 214 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 as the product of the enterprise, as may be the case with a financial institution. Enterprises need cash for the same reason however different their principal revenue- producing activities might be.They need cash to conduct their operations, to pay their obligations and to provide return to the investors. Accordingly this standard requires all enterprises to present a cash flow (Para 1 3). Presentation of Cash flow statement under IAS 7 Cash and cash equivalent The definition of cash and cash equivalent are primordia l to the preparation and interpretation of cash flow statements. Cash consists of cash in hand and demand deposits, coins and notes of an organization, etc. In our country deposits in postal accounts may be termed as cash (Cooper and Ijiri, 1984 88 Ghosh, 2001).Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to the definitions of paragraph 6 of IAS 7 cash comprises cash in hand and demand deposits normally cash on hand includes currency, notes, and coin in the cash box of the enterprise. It also includes prize bond, negotiable money orders, postal orders, and under posited checks, bank drafts or pay- order.Demand deposits refer to deposits in checking accounts in banks and other financial institutions that may be withdrawn without notice ordinarily subject to deduction of outstanding check. consequently cash equivalents 1. are short-term i nvestments but the term short not clearly specified, although a period of three months and less is suggested to be taken as short term period. 2. are highly liquid investments. Here liquid means having in a situation where cash equivalents are available in sufficient amount to meet obligation of payments. . are investments that are both (a) readily convertible, to known amounts of cash and (b) subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to SFAC No. 95, the risk categorically refers to risk of change in interest rate. The short-term investments are so near their maturity date that they represent insignificant risk of changes in interest rate. Examples include treasury bills, commercial papers, and money market funds purchased with cash that is in excess of immediate needs.However, although by definition, cash equivalents refer to short term highly liquid investments, they are usually held for the purpose of meeting short term cash commitments rather than for other purpose. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to insignificant risk of change in value. Therefore an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months and less from the date of acquisition. Equity nvestments are excluded from the cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred share acquired within a short period of their maturity and with a specified redemption date (Para 7). Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 215 Preparation of Cash flow statements IAS 7 requires cash flows to be classified into operating, investing, and financing activities. Example of cash flows by category operating(a) Activities Inflows Receipts from customers Outflows Payments to suppliersAdvance deposits from customers Wages and salaries to employees Income tax refunds Income tax payments interest group received on customers notes or Other tax payments accounts Dividends and interest received from Interest give on bank debt or bonds outstanding and investments and included in determining net included in determining net income income Investing Activities Cash received from sale of capital assets Payments for purchase of capital assets Cash from sale of debt or equity investments Cash flows capitalized as intangible assets, such as development costs start-up costs capitalized interest exploration Costs accruement of principal on loans to others get of debt or equity securities of others Interest and dividends received on investments Loans extended to others and not included in determining net income Financing Activities Net proceed of issuing debt or equity securities Payment of principal on bonds or bank loans Cash proceeds received from bank loans Purchase of the entitys own shares Interest paid on bank debt or bonds outstanding and not included in determining net income Dividends paid to shareholders Variations in Reporting activities for Cash flows A. Operating or Financing activities Transactions with different categories included in cash flows are classified in a different manner. According to IAS 7, Para 12, A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently.For example, when the cash repayment of a loan includes both interest and capital the interest element may be classified as operating activities and the capital amount is classified as financing activities. B. Operating or investing and financing activities Some cash flows may be classified as arising from any activities such as interest, dividend income tax. The exposit provisions of these types are as follows. 216 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 Interest a. For a financial institution, interest paid and interest received are usually classified as operating cash flows (para 33). b. For other enterprise, interest paid and interes t received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the ending of net profit or loss.Alternatively, interest paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources. Interest received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). Dividend a. For a financial institution, dividends received are usually classified as operating cash flow (Para 33). b. For other enterprise, dividends received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the determination of net profit or loss. Alternatively dividend received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). c. Dividend paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources.Alternatively dividend paid may be classified as component of cash flows from operating activities in order to assist users to determin e the ability of an enterprise to pay dividend out of operating cash flows (para 34). Income tax a. Taxes on income scrape up on a transaction that gives to the cash flows that are classified as operating, investing, and financing activities in cash flow statement. While tax expense may be readily identifiable with investing or financing activities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify and may arise in a different period from the cash flows of the underlying transactions. Therefore taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities.However, often it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow within individual transaction that gives rise to cash flows that are classified as investing or financing activity as appropriate. When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed (Para 36). In the sort out of SFAS 95, Transaction that enter into the determination of net income are defined as operating activities and hence, interest received or paid, dividend received and taxes on income are rigidly treated to arise from operating activities. Dividend to stakeholders are treated as cash outflows classified as financing activities (Keiso and Weygandt, 1998 1275-76) Cash flow statement Practices in BangladeshRegulatory Framework, in the eyes of the Companies Act 1994 (Act no. 18 of 1994) According to Section 183 of the Companies Act 1994 (which came into effect from 1 January 1995), a company is required to present balance sheet, profit and loss account (income and expenditure account, in case of non profit companies). Under section 185, the balance sheet and the income statement have to be prepared according to the forms set out in Part 1 and Part 2 of Schedule XI respectively under which information on consecutive two years (concerned year and Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 217 preceding year) are to be provided.However accord ing to note (g) of the general instruction for preparation of balance sheet (given in part 1 of schedule XI after the horizontal format of the balance sheet), a statement of change in financial position shall be included as an integral part of the financial statements, and shall be presented for each period for which the profit and loss account is prepared. However no specific format of cash flow statement has been prescribed in Companies Act 1994. In the light of the Security and Exchange Rule 1987 (S. R. O No. 237-l/87 dated on 28 September 1987) Under the provision of rule 12 (1) of the Securities and Exchanges Rules (SER) 1987(amended by the section notification No.SEC/ Section 7/SER/03/132 dated 22 october1997 published in the official gazette on 29 December 1997), the annual report to be furnished by an issuer of listed security shall include a balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement and notes to the accounts conjointly hereinafter referred to as the financ ial statement. In the part III of the Schedule of the SER 1987, issues relating to interest paid on short-term borrowing, interest and dividend received income taxes are clearly guidelined. For example, interest paid on short-term borrowing shall be a cash outflow under operating activities interest and dividend received shall be a cash inflow under investing activities. And interest paid on long term borrowing and dividend paid shall be a cash outflow under financing activities.Under paragraph 35-36, taxes on income should be treated as operating cash outflow unless they can be identified in financing and investing activities. Findings of the study To know the extent of cash flows statement reporting practices by Pharmaceutical companies, a survey has been conducted covering 12 annual reports (2009) (For detailed the name of the companies see Appendix-1). The major findings of the study are given below in terms of general variations in reporting and instinctive disclosure. Genera l findings It includes the current format and structure of cash flow statement and the extent of compliance of IAS-7, followed by sample Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh. All the sample companies prepare cash flow statement as required by IAS-7/BAS 7 adopted by the Institute of Chartered Accountant of Bangladesh and present it as an integral part of the financial statements. Notes to cash flow statement have been presented as part of the financial statements in case of all the sample companies. The sample companies prepare cash flow statement in vertical form and shows figure of cash flows of the current year and the previous year. All the sample companies cash flow statement contains a classification of operational, investing, and financing activities. The sample companies did not illustrate the policy dopted in determining the formulation of cash and cash equivalents although this is required by paragraph 36 of IAS 7. 218 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 Variation in Reporting Another objective of the survey was to determine which alternatives, permitted by IAS-7, are used most in practice by Bangladeshi pharmaceutical companies. It is found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information. This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. The results are set out in table 1. plank-1 Variations in reporting Cash flow statement (CFS) Factors 1 Notes to CFS Options Separately, following the CFS Part of the notes to the financial statements Incorporated in the CFS Total coach method Indirect method Total Operating activities or no interest Financing Investing activities Total Financing activities or no dividends Operating activities Investing activities Total Part of accounting policy note Nothing disclosed Total Operating activities or no tax Financing activities Invest ing activities Total Number of companies 0 12 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 2 Operating activities 3 Interest received and Interest paid 4 Dividend received and Dividend paid 5 Definition of cash and cash equivalents 6 Income tax Notes to table 1 Refer to point 2 of Table 1.According to IAS-7 and SEC Rule 1987, the enterprises are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activities using the direct method. The direct method provides information which may be useful in estimating future cash flows which is not available under the indirect method. All the sample companies followed the direct method in reporting operating cash flows. One company (Pharmaceutical Mithun Knitting Dyeing Ltd. ) discloses cash flows from operating activities under indirect method in notes of financial statements as supernumerary information. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 219 Refer to points 3 4 of Table 1.All the companies studied have shown inte rest received and paid under operating activities and interest paid on long term borrowing and dividend paid under financing activities. Refer to points 5 6 of Table 1. All the companies studied have shown definition of cash and cash equivalents in the notes of accounting policy and income tax under operating activities. Voluntary disclosure The survey also included an examination of any additional information that is disclosed regarding the companys cash flow which is not required by IAS-7, but which may be helpful to the user. For example, separate disclosure of cash flows increases operating capacity and cash flows that maintain operating capacity, disclosure of segmental cash flows, cash flow per share etc.The survey found no company to disclose such additional voluntary information in its cash flow statement. Conclusion and Recommendation A materially misstated cash flow statement, whether it is in terms of incorrect classification in the categories or numerical accuracy, can be misleading to the user and can lead to wrong decisions taken by the users of the statement. The survey has revealed that although sample companies prepare cash flow statement according to International Accounting Standard-7 (BAS-7), there is also a degree of non-compliance. It is, however, found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information.This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. To make cash flow statement more informative and useful for users, the companies should disclose additional voluntary information such as cash flow per share in their cash flow statements. Items consisting of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities should also be clarified in the notes of the financial statements. Due to the limited scope of the present study, a astronomic number of research issues have not be en attempted but are identified in the course of the study.Disclosure practices of additional items other than operating, investing and financing activities, disclosure practices differences between listed and unlisted companies, disclosure practices differences between financial and other institutions are some such potential issues for future research. 220 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 References yearbook Reports of Sample Pharmaceutical Companies Listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange 2009. Aziz Uddin, A. B. M and Bala. , S. K. ( 2001), Cash Flow Reporting in Bangladesh, The Cost Management, Nov- Dec. ICMAB, p. 13. FASB intervention Memorandum (1980), Reporting Funds Flow, Liquidity and Financial Flexibility, FASB, Stanford. Thomas H. Beechy. Joan E. D. 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Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Accounting Principles, 9th edition, John, Wilely and Sons, Inc, pp. 732-733 Wallace, R. S. O. and Choudhury, M. S. I. And Pendelbary, M. 1997), Cash Flow Statements An International Comparison of Regulatory Positions, The International Journal of Accounting, Vol. 32, N o, 1, pp. 1-22 Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 221 Appendix-1 List of the twelve Pharmaceutical companies studied. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. GlaxcoSmithKline Bangladesh confine (2009) The IBN SINA Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd. (2009) BEXIMCO PHARMACEUTICAL LTD. (2009) ORION INFUSION LTD. (2009) ACI Formulation modified (2009) Ambee Pharmaceutical Limited (2009) Square Pharmaceutical Ltd. (2009) Libra Infusions Limited (2009) BEACOM Pharmaceuticals Limited (2009) Rahman Chemicals Limited (2009) Renata Limited (2009) Therapeutics (Bangladesh) Limited (2009)